Laser

He-Ne LASER
INTRODUCTION

• He-Ne Stands for, Helium – Neon . The He-Ne laser active medium,
consists of two gases, which do not interact/ react with each other
(since in both gases, helium and neon, the valence electron in
outer most orbit are completely filled and no electron is
free/excited to make bond with other electron, so these gases are
also called neutral gas) so consequently, they do not form a
“molecule”. Therefore He-Ne laser is one type of “atomic gas laser.
• In 1960 Ali Javan invented the first gas laser that was the Helium-
Neon laser. It was the first continuous-light laser and first to
operate on the principle of converting electrical energy to a laser
light output. It is four level laser. It was used in many practical
applications.
 CONSTRUCTION
It consists of mainly three essential components:
• The gain medium
• Pump source
• Optical cavity

1. The gain medium: The gain medium of He-Ne lasers is mixture of Helium
& Neon gas in ratio of 10:1 (approximately), contained at low pressure in
a glass envelop. Ne atoms are active centers and have suitable energy
levels for lasing while He atoms help in exciting Ne atoms. If in the tube
has only neon gas, without helium, the neon gas would be excited mostly
to lower excited states, and become responsible for non-laser lines.
Having no helium, a neon laser can be constructed but it become much
more difficult without this means of energy coupling.
 CONSTRUCTION
2. Pumping source: The energy/pump source of the laser is provided by a
high voltage electrical discharge, passed through the gas between the
electrodes (anode & cathode ) within the tube. A DC current of 3 to 20 mA
is required for CW operation
3. The optical cavity: It is the tube where the lasing action takes place, it
consists of glass envelop with the narrow capillary tube through the
center. The optical cavity of laser is consists of two concave mirrors, or one
concave and one plane mirror, one having very high reflectence
(approximately 99.9% ) and the output coupler mirror allows 1%
transmission approximately
 Working of He-Ne laser
• When electric discharge is passed through the gas mixture of He and Ne, electrons are
accelerated down the discharge tube in which mixture of He-Ne is placed. These
accelerated electrons collide with helium atoms and excite them to higher energy
levels (let us say F2 and F3).These levels happen to be Metastable and thus the He
atoms spend a sufficient amount of time there before getting de-excited.
• Some of the excited states of Ne atoms correspond approximately to the same energy
of the excited levels F2 and F3 of He. Thus, when He atoms in levels F2 and F3 collide
with the Ne atoms in the ground state E1, then energy exchange takes place and this
results in the excitation of Ne atoms to the levels E4 and E6 and de-excitation of the
He atoms to the ground level F1. As the helium atoms have longer life time in excited
states F2 and F3, thus this process of energy transfer has high probability.
• Therefore, the electric discharge through the gas mixture continuously populates the
Ne excited levels E4 and E6.
• This helps to create a state of population inversion between the levels E4 (or E6) and
lower energy levels E5 and E3. Therefore the purpose of He atoms is to help in
achieving a population inversion in the Ne atoms.
 Working of He-Ne laser
• The following three transitions will occur:
1. E6 to E5 with laser wavelength of 3.39 μm or 33900 Angstroms.
2. E6 to E3 with laser wavelength of 6328 Angstroms.
3. E4 to E3 with laser wavelength of 1.15 μm or 11500 Angstroms.

• The wavelengths of 3.39 μm and 1.15 μm corresponds to infrared region and wavelength
6328 Angstroms corresponds to red light wavelength (visible region). Mirrors of the optical
resonators are so designed to show low reflectivity for wavelengths 3.39 μm and 1.15 μm.
Thus photons of these wavelengths will be eliminated. Therefore, the photons of
wavelengths 6328 Angstroms will move back and forth in optical resonator system and
thus laser of wavelength 6328 Angstroms emerges through the partially reflected mirror.
• The excited Ne atoms drop down from levels E3 to E2 through spontaneous emission and
this process will emit a photon of wavelength 0.6 μm. As the level E2 is also Metastable,
there is a probability of excitation of Ne atoms from E2 to E3 leading to quenching of the
population inversion. To eliminate quenching, the narrow discharge tube is used because
Ne atoms de-excited to level E1 from E2 through collisions with the walls of the tube.
Energy Level diagram
Advantages of helium-neon laser
• Helium-neon laser emits laser light in the visible portion of
the spectrum.
• High stability
• Low cost
• Operates without damage at higher temperatures
Disadvantages of helium-neon laser
• Low efficiency
• Low gain
• Helium-neon lasers are limited to low power tasks
 APPLICATIONS

A He-Ne lasers are used for many applications in

research, medical and industry.
• Red He-Ne lasers are widely used in laboratory
demonstration in field of the “optics”, Since they are
cheap and have an ease of operation.
• They are mostly used in industries and for scientific
uses.
• A consumer application of Red He-Ne laser is Laser
Disc player, made pioneer. The laser is use to read the
optical disk.
 CO2 laser
Introduction
CO2 laser is the first ever continuous wave
laser and it is invented by Indian Engineer
Chandra Shekara Naranbhaih Patel in 1962.
The CO2 laser is the very powerful laser it
have the enough energy even to cut metallic
objects with high speed. In the CO2 molecular
gas laser, transition takes place between the
vibrational states of Carbon dioxide molecules.
It is four-level molecular laser.
 Construction

Active medium: Active medium is carbon dioxide, helium & nitrogen in the
ratio of 1:4:5 respectively. The active centers are CO2. Water vapour also
added.
Pump source: Electrical discharge method is used for pumping. For this the
electrodes are provided to produce electric discharge in the gaseous
mixture, the discharge tube is circulated with water vapour in order to
maintain cooler.
Optical cavity: CO2 laser consists of quartz tube of length of 2.6cm, & area of
cross section 1.5mm2 is filled with carbon dioxide, helium & nitrogen in the
ratio of 1:4:5 at appropriate pressure. One side there is fully silvered mirror
while other side there is partially silvered mirror (Partiality varies from 10%
to 90% depending upon the power of out put is required) The ends of the
discharge tube are fitted with NaCl Brewster windows so that the laser light
generated will be polarized.
 Working
• When the electric discharge produced in the gaseous mixture, the nitrogen atoms readily
excites from ground state E 1 to the higher energy state say E 2 (meta stable state of N2)
Nitrogen is used because it can hold this excited state for long periods of time without discharging the energy in the
form of photons, or light.
• these atoms returns into the ground state by transferring their energy through inelastic
collisions (resonant energy transfer) to the CO2 molecules which are in ground state.
• Now the CO2 molecules excites to the higher energy states say E5 since it is metastable
state the population inversion could be achieved between two sets of energy levels say E5
& E3 and E4 & E3, therefore the laser action takes place between them is as follows
• Transition E5 →E3 generates the laser beam of wavelength of 9.6μm lies in IR region.
• Transition E5 → E4 generates the laser beam of wavelength of 10.6μm lies in IR region.
• E3 → E2 through the collisions with walls of the discharge tube. The CO2 molecules halts
in this state and the laser action stops, therefore these atom is made decay into the E1
state.
• E2 → E1 through the inelastic collisions with He atoms. The He atoms enhances the
efficiency of CO2 laser.
• Helium is used to de-populate various energy levels of carbon. It is also used to transfer the heat from the active
medium to the surroundings, thus keeping the active medium cool, which is essential for proper functioning of
the laser.
Energy level diagram
 Applications:

1. High power CO2 laser finds applications in material processing, welding,

drilling, cutting soldering etc.
2. The low atmospheric attenuation (10.6μm makes CO2 laser suitable for
open air communication.
3. It is used for remote sensing

4. It is used for treatment of liver and lung diseases.

5. It is mostly used in neuro surgery and general surgery.

6. It is used to perform microsurgery and bloodless operations.

Advantages:

1. The construction of CO2 laser is simple

2. The output of this laser is continuous.

3. It has high efficiency

4. It has very high output power.

5. The output power can be increased by extending the length of the gas tube.

Disadvantages:

1. The contamination of oxygen by carbon monoxide will have some effect on laser action

2. The operating temperature plays an important role in determining the output power of laser.

3. The corrosion may occur at the reflecting plates.

4. Accidental exposure may damage our eyes, since it is invisible (infra red region) to our eyes.
 Ruby laser
Introduction
• A ruby laser is a solid-state laser that uses the
synthetic ruby crystal as its laser medium.
Ruby laser is the first successful laser
developed by Maiman in 1960.
• Ruby laser is one of the few solid-state lasers
that produce visible light. It emits deep red
light of wavelength 694.3 nm.
• It is three energy-level laser
 Construction of ruby laser
A ruby laser consists of three important elements:
• Active or laser medium,
• the pump source, and
• the optical resonator.
Laser medium or gain medium. Ruby is a crystal of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) in which
some of the aluminium ions (Al3+) are replaced by chromium ions (Cr3+). This is
done by doping small amounts of chromium oxide (Cr 2O3) in the melt of purified
Al2O3.
These chromium ions give the crystal a pink or red color depending upon the
concentration of chromium ions. Laser rods are prepared from a single crystal of
pink ruby which contains 0.05% (by weight) chromium. Al 2O3 does not participate in
the laser action. It only acts as the host. Chromium ions act as active centers in ruby
crystal.

Pump source or energy source A helical flash lamp filled with xenon is used as a
pumping source. The ruby crystal is placed inside a xenon flash lamp. Thus, optical
pumping is used to achieve population inversion in ruby laser.
 Construction
Optical resonator: The ruby crystal is in the form of cylinder. Length of ruby crystal is usually 2
cm to 30 cm and diameter 0.5 cm to 2 cm. As very high temperature is produced during the
operation of the laser, the rod is surrounded by liquid nitrogen to cool the apparatus.
The ends of ruby crystal are polished, grounded and made flat. The one of the ends is
completely silvered while the other one is partially silvered to get the output. Thus the two
polished ends act as optical resonator system.
 Working
Let us now discuss the working of ruby laser.
• Ruby is a three level laser system. Suppose there are three levels E1, E2 and (E3 & E4). E1 is the
ground level, E2 is the metastable level, E3 and E4 are the bands. E3 & E4 are considered as
only one level because they are very closed to each other.
• The ruby crystal is placed inside a xenon flash lamp and the flash lamp generates intense white
light in a few milliseconds. A part of this energy is absorbed by chromium ions in the ground
state. Thus optical pumping raises the chromium ions to energy levels inside the bands E3 and
E4. This process is called stimulated absorption. The transition to bands E3 and E4 are caused
by absorption of radiations corresponding to green and blue components of white light.
• Cr3+ ions in the excited state loose a part of their energy during interaction with crystal lattice
and decay to the metastable state E2. Thus, the transition from excited states to metastable
state is non-radiative transition or in other words there is no emission of photons. As E2 is a
metastable state, so chromium ions will stay there for longer time. Hence, the number of
chromium ions goes on increasing in E2 state, while due to pumping , the number in the ground
state E1 goes on decreasing. As a result, the number of chromium ions become more in excited
state(metastable state) as compared to ground state E1. Hence, the population inversion is
achieved between states E2 and E1.
 Working
• Few of the chromium ions will come back from E2 to E1 by the process of spontaneous emission by
emitting photons. The wavelength of a photon is 6943 Å. This photon travels through the ruby rod
and if it is moving in a direction parallel to the axis of the crystal, then it is reflected to and fro by the
silvered ends of the ruby rod until it stimulates the other excited ions and cause it to emit a fresh
photon in phase with the stimulating photon. Thus, the reflections will result in stimulated emission
and it will result in the amplification of the stimulated emitting photons. This stimulated emission is
the laser transition. When the photon beam become sufficiently intense, then a very powerful and
narrow beam of red light of wavelength 6943 Å emerges through the partially silvered end of the
ruby crystal
• As we have discussed in working of ruby laser that the terminus of laser action is the ground state
E1 in ruby laser. Therefore it is difficult to maintain the population inversion. This will result in the
depletion of upper laser level E2 population (due to stimulated emission) more rapidly than it can be
restored by the flash light that is optical pumping source. The laser emission is made up of spikes of
high intensity emissions. This phenomenon is called spiking of the laser.
• After the depletion of E2 state, the laser action ceases for a few microseconds. Since the flash lamp
is still active, it again pumps the ground state chromium ions to upper level and again laser action
begins. A series of such pulses is produced until the intensity of the flash light has fallen to such a
level that it can no linger rebuild the necessary population inversion. So the output laser will be in
the form of pulse in ruby laser or in other words, it will not be continuous.
 Applications of ruby Laser
• Ruby lasers are used for holography, industrial
cutting and welding.
• Due to low output power they are class-I
lasers and so may used as toys for children's.
• It can be used in schools, colleges, universities
for science programs.
• It can be used as decoration piece &
artistic display.
 Ruby Laser

Advantages of Ruby Lasers

• From cost point of view, the ruby lasers are economical.

• Beam diameter of the ruby laser is comparatively less than C02 gas lasers.
• Output power of Ruby laser is not as less as in He-Ne gas lasers.
• Since the ruby is in solid form therefore there is no chance of wasting
material of active medium.
• Construction and function of ruby laser is self explanatory.

Disadvantages of Ruby Laser

• In ruby lasers no significant stimulated emission occurs, until at least half of

the ground state electrons have been excited to the Meta stable state.
• Efficiency of ruby laser is comparatively low. Optical cavity of ruby laser is
short as compared to other lasers, which may be considered a disadvantage
 Nd:YAG laser
(Introduction)

• Nd: YAG is a solid state laser four level laser. Nd stands for
neodymium and YAG for Yttrium Aluminium Garnet
(Y3Al5O12). It is developed by J.E. Geusic, H.M. Marcos and
L.G. Van Vitert in 1964.It is a four level solid state laser.
These lasers operate in both pulsed and continuous
mode.
• Nd: YAG laser generates laser light commonly in the
near-infrared region of the spectrum at 1064
nanometers (nm). It also emits laser light at several
different wavelengths including 1440 nm, 1320 nm, 1120
nm, and 940 nm.
 Construction
Nd:YAG laser consists of three important elements:
• an energy source,
• active medium,
• and optical resonator.
Active medium:
The rod of Y3Al5O12 is doped 1% with triply ionized neodymium.
Nd3+ ions will replace the Y3+ ions in the crystal. Maximum length
of the rod is about 10 cm and diameter is 6-9 cm. Nd3+ ions act as
active medium or active centers. YAG is just the host.
The energy source:
The pumping of Nd3+ ions to upper levels is done by krypton arc
lamp. Xenon lamp can also be used as pumping source. Thus, the
optical pumping is used to achieve population inversion.
 Construction
Optical resonator
The ends of the Nd:YAG rod are polished and silvered so as to act
as the optical resonator system.
 Working

Figure 2.18 shows the energy level diagram for Nd: YAG laser.
These energy levels are those of Neodymium (Nd3+) ions.
 Working
1. When the krypton flash lamp is switched on, by the absorption of light radiation of wavelength
0.73μm and 0.8μm, the Neodymium(Nd3+) atoms are raised from ground level E0 to upper levels
E3and E4 (Pump bands).

2. The Neodymium ions atoms make a transition from these energy levels E2 by non-radiative
transition. E2 is a metastable state.

3. The Neodymium ions are collected in the level E2 and the population inversion is achieved
between E2 and E1.
4. An ion makes a spontaneous transition from E2 to E1, emitting a photon of energy hγ.
This emitted photon will trigger a chain of stimulated photons between E2 and E1.
5. The photons thus generated travel back and forth between two mirrors and grow in strength.
After some time, the photon number multiplies more rapidly.

6. After enough strength is attained (condition for laser being satisfied), an intense laser light of
wavelength 1.06μm is emitted through the partial reflector. It corresponds to the transition from
E2to E1.
 Applications:
1. It finds many applications in range finders and
illuminators.
2. It is widely used in engineering applications such
as resistor, trimming scribing, micro machining
operations as well as welding, drilling etc.
3. It finds many medical applications such as
endoscopy, urology, neurosurgery, ENT, gynecology,
dermatology, dental surgery and general surgery.
 Nd:YAG laser
Advantages:

1. It has high energy output.

2. It has very high repetition rate operation

3. It is much easy to achieve population inversion.

Disadvantages:

The electron energy level structure of Nd3+ in YAG is complicated.

 Dye laser
Introduction
• Dye lasers use liquid organic dyes. These organic
dyes are dissolved in solvents like water, ethyl
alcohol, methanol. The most widely used dye is
rhodamine-6G, also known as Xanthene dye. These
lasers are discovered by Sorokin and his colleagues.
Dye lasers operate without the intervening
metastable state.
• Today tunable organic dye lasers cover the spectrum
from near Infra Red to the ultraviolet. (50 to 100
nanometers or more)
 CONSTRUCTION
• The dye laser consisted of a 1cm long quartz glass tube
filled with solutions of organic dyes such as rhodamine-
6G.
Active Medium. Rhodamine-6G dissolved in a suitable
liquid like water, ethyl alcohol or methanol is used as the
active medium. Rhodamine-6G emits in yellow-red region.
• Pumping source: Energy to excite the dye is supplied by a
strong light source that may be a flash lamp or another
laser like N2 laser or argon-ion laser. Thus, optical pumping
is used to excite the dye and to achieve population
inversion.
 CONSTRUCTION
Optical resonator System.
The most useful feature of dye lasers is their tunability. The tunability means that the lasing
wavelength for a dye may be varied over a wide range. Due to this reason, dye lasers are
also called tunable lasers. Tuning over 500 angstrom has been obtained.
One of the teachniques to obtain tuning is to replace one of the mirrors of the resonant
cavity with a diffraction grating. Thus a dye cell is usually placed inside a cavity consisting of a
partially reflective mirror on
the front and a diffraction grating on the rear. A source light is focused onto the dye to excite
it and stimulate laser action. By rotating the diffraction grating , wavelength of laser output
can be altered. Thus tuning is obtained. Therefore, this combination of partially reflective
mirror and diffraction grating will act as optical resonator system.
For radiation to be reflected back along the laser cavity axis, the angle θ that the normal to
the diffraction grating makes with the cavity must satisfy the condition.
2dsinθ =nλ (n = 1, 2, 3, …)
Where d is grating spacing
λ is wavelength of radiation.
By rotating the grating, angle θ will be changed and thus the output wavelength will be
changed that is tuning of output wavelength will be achieved.
 Working
• Due to absorption of light from pumping source, dye molecules get excited from
the ground state S0 to upper vibrational rotational levels of excited state S1 which
is upper laser level. Most of the dye molecules decay to the lowest vibrational
level B of S1 in a time of about 10-11 seconds. This process is due to thermal
redistribution in level S1, thus, it is a non-radiative process. Population inversion
is achieved at level B.
• From level B of S1, the dye molecules decay to any higher lying vibrational
sublevel of S0. When this process occurs, then the radiation is emitted. This is
termed as fluorescence. The life time of level B for dye molecules is about 10 -9
seconds. As most of the molecules decay from level S1 by fluorescence, thus
laser action occurs at the fluorescence wavelength. Thus laser output is achieved
in between states S1 and S0.

Note: The energy levels of the organic molecules are named as singlet states when the total spin becomes zero and as
triplet states when the total spin is unity. In general, dye molecules have pairs of electrons in the ground state
and the total spin is zero. Because of this, there exists only singlet ground states (S0). When the molecule is
excited, one of the electrons in the n electron cloud goes to the higher electronic state. In the excited state, the
electron may have its spin either parallel or antiparallel to the ground state. Due to this both the singlet and
triplet states exist
 Working
• Molecules from the state S1 can also make a non-radiative transition to the
triplet level T1. This transition is known as intersystem crossing and called
phosphorescence This process of intersystem crossing can limit the laser
action because it will lead to reduction of the population of S 1 which is upper
laser level and thus there will be accumulation of molecules in state T1. As
the transition T1 to T2 is allowed, and the wavelength corresponding to
absorption spectrum of T1 to T2 usually overlaps the emission spectrum of
S1 to S0. Thus, intersystem crossing will lead to reduction of number of
molecules in upper laser level S1 and it will reduce the laser gain or laser
output. Sometimes, it may even prevent laser oscillation.
• Thus for good laser action, the number of molecules in state S 1 should reach
the threshold level before a significant number of molecules have dropped
to level T1. Therefore, it requires very intense and rapid pumping to
maintain population inversion.
• Addition of oxygen to solution can also reduce the life time T1. Thus oxygen
acts as a triplet quenching additive
Energy level diagram
 Laser speckles
The speckle effect is a result of the interference of many waves of the
same frequency, having different phases and amplitudes, which add
together to give a resultant wave whose amplitude, and therefore intensity,
varies randomly.
• Light coming into your eye from a laser does not exhibit speckle.
• Speckle occurs because the laser light is temporally coherent and is scattered
from a random surface. The random surface causes a large number of
wavelets to leave the object and overlap in space, each wavelet having a
random phase relationship to all the others.
• When your eye images this field of overlapping waves, it causes even more
overlapping to occur as everything comes to focus. This results in a speckle
pattern in the eye.
• Speckle can be a real headache in laser illumination and imaging applications.
It limits the quality of images that you can make using laser light.
 Explanation
Laser light is special. If you take a laser and point it at a small angle on a piece of paper, you’ll see
that it creates a spot with very bright and dark parts. This is called a speckle pattern.
An ordinary light source (which is usually spatially incoherent) does not do this. Laser light ideally
has one wavelength and frequency (monochromatic), travels in the same direction (collimated), and all
the light is in phase or in step (coherent). Ordinary light sources consist of many different wavelengths
(or colors), traveling in many directions, and they are not in phase (they are out of step). The special
properties of laser light, along with how they interact with the surface they are striking, cause the
speckle pattern. Most surfaces are not completely smooth. For example, paper is fibrous having hills
and valleys. When light reaches the paper it reflects off of it, into our eye, and we perceive it. A light
ray hitting one section of the paper (a valley) travels a different distance than a light ray hitting another
portion of the paper (a hill). These two waves may be in step (in phase) or out of step (out of phase)
when they reach our eye. If they are perfectly in step we see a very bright spot (constructive
interference) and if they are perfectly out of step we see a black spot (destructive interference).
For a regular light source there are so many different wavelengths, phases, and angles that the light
strikes the paper and reflect off at, that by the time it reaches our eye (the detector) it averages out
and the spot on the paper looks homogenous. For laser light, the differences in the distances the light
rays travel before they reflect cause very distinct constructive and destructive interference patterns.
Laser speckles

A photograph of an objective speckle pattern.

This is the light field formed when a laser
beam was scattered from a plastic surface
onto a wall.
 Applications of Lasers

Laser is an optical device that generates intense beam of coherent

monochromatic light by stimulated emission of radiation.
Laser light is different from an ordinary light. It has various unique
properties such as coherence, monochromacity, directionality, and
high intensity. Because of these unique properties, lasers are used in
various applications.
The most significant applications of lasers include:
• Lasers in medicine
• Lasers in communications
• Lasers in industries
• Lasers in science and technology
• Lasers in military
 Lasers in Medicine

• Lasers are used for bloodless surgery.

• Lasers are used to destroy kidney stones.
• Lasers are used in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
• Lasers are used for eye lens curvature corrections.
• Lasers are used in fiber-optic endoscope to detect ulcers in the intestines.
• The liver and lung diseases could be treated by using lasers.
• Lasers are used to study the internal structure of microorganisms and cells.
• Lasers are used to produce chemical reactions.
• Lasers are used to create plasma.
• Lasers are used to remove tumors successfully.
• Lasers are used to remove the caries or decayed portion of the teeth.
• Lasers are used in cosmetic treatments such as acne treatment, cellulite and
hair removal.
 Lasers in Communications

• Laser light is used in optical fiber

communications to send information over
large distances with low loss.
• Laser light is used in underwater
communication networks.
• Lasers are used in space communication,
radars and satellites.
 Lasers in Industries

• Lasers are used to cut glass and quartz.

• Lasers are used in electronic industries for trimming the components of
Integrated Circuits (ICs).
• Lasers are used for heat treatment in the automotive industry.
• Laser light is used to collect the information about the prefixed prices of
various products in shops and business establishments from the bar code
printed on the product.
• Ultraviolet lasers are used in the semiconductor industries for
photolithography. Photolithography is the method used for
manufacturing printed circuit board (PCB) and microprocessor by using
ultraviolet light.
• Lasers are used to drill aerosol nozzles and control orifices within the
required precision.
 Lasers in Science and Technology

• A laser helps in studying the Brownian motion of particles.

• With the help of a helium-neon laser, it was proved that the velocity of light is same in
all directions.
• With the help of a laser, it is possible to count the number of atoms in a substance.
• Lasers are used in computers to retrieve stored information from a Compact Disc (CD).
• Lasers are used to store large amount of information or data in CD-ROM.
• Lasers are used to measure the pollutant gases and other contaminants of the
atmosphere.
• Lasers helps in determining the rate of rotation of the earth accurately.
• Lasers are used in computer printers.
• Lasers are used for producing three-dimensional pictures in space without the use of
lens.
• Lasers are used for detecting earthquakes and underwater nuclear blasts.
• A gallium arsenide diode laser can be used to setup an invisible fence to protect an area.
 Lasers in Military

• Laser range finders are used to determine the distance to

an object.
• The ring laser gyroscope is used for sensing and measuring
very small angle of rotation of the moving objects.
• Lasers can be used as a secretive illuminators for
reconnaissance during night with high precision.
• Lasers are used to dispose the energy of a warhead by
damaging the missile.
• Laser light is used in LIDAR’s (Light Detection and Ranging)
to accurately measure the distance to an object.