Chapter 1 (Part 1)

Introduction

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Down Approach
Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR 7th edition
Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
All material copyright 1996-2016
Pearson/Addison Wesley
J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved
April 2016
Introduction 1-1
Chapter 1: introduction
our goal: overview:
 get “feel” and  what’s the Internet?
terminology  what’s a protocol?
 network edge; hosts, access net,
 more depth, detail physical media
later in course  network core: packet/circuit
 approach: switching, Internet structure
• use Internet as  performance: loss, delay,
throughput
example
 security
 protocol layers, service models

Introduction 1-2
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-3
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
PC
 billions of connected mobile network
server computing devices:
wireless
laptop
• hosts = end systems global ISP

smartphone • running network apps

home
 communication links network
regional ISP
wireless • fiber, copper, radio,
links satellite
wired
links • transmission rate:
bandwidth

 packet switches: forward

router
packets (chunks of data) institutional
• routers and switches network

Introduction 1-4
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
mobile network
 Internet: “network of networks”
• Interconnected ISPs
global ISP
 protocols control sending, receiving
of messages
• e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, 802.11 home
network
 Internet standards regional ISP
• RFC: Request for comments
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force

institutional
network

Introduction 1-5
What’s the Internet: a service view
mobile network
 infrastructure that provides
services to applications: global ISP

• Web, VoIP, email, games, e-

commerce, social nets, … home
 provides programming network
regional ISP
interface to apps
• hooks that allow sending
and receiving app programs
to “connect” to Internet
• provides service options,
analogous to postal service
institutional
network

Introduction 1-6
What’s a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:
 “what’s the time?”  machines rather than
 “I have a question” humans
 introductions  all communication activity
in Internet governed by
protocols
… specific messages sent
… specific actions taken
when messages protocols define format, order of
received, or other
events messages sent and received
among network entities, and
actions taken on message
transmission, receipt
Introduction 1-7
What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time

Q: other human protocols?

Introduction 1-8
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-9
A closer look at network structure:
 network edge: mobile network

• hosts: clients and servers

global ISP
• servers often in data
centers
home
 access networks, physical network
regional ISP
media: wired, wireless
communication links

 network core:
• interconnected routers
• network of networks institutional
network

Introduction 1-10
Access networks and physical media

Q: How to connect end

systems to edge router?
 residential access nets
 institutional access
networks (school, company)
 mobile access networks
keep in mind:
 bandwidth (bits per second)
of access network?
 shared or dedicated?

Introduction 1-11
Access network: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office telephone
network

DSL splitter
modem DSLAM

ISP
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer

 use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM

• data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
• voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
 < 2.5 Mbps upstream transmission rate (typically < 1 Mbps)
 < 24 Mbps downstream transmission rate (typically < 10 Mbps)
Introduction 1-12
Access network: cable network
cable headend

cable splitter
modem

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channels

frequency division multiplexing: different channels transmitted

in different frequency bands
Introduction 1-13
Access network: cable network
cable headend

cable splitter cable modem

modem CMTS termination system

data, TV transmitted at different

frequencies over shared cable ISP
distribution network

 HFC: hybrid fiber coax

• asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream transmission rate, 2
Mbps upstream transmission rate
 network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
• homes share access network to cable headend
• unlike DSL, which has dedicated access to central office
Introduction 1-14
 Access network: home network
wireless
devices

to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box

cable or DSL modem

wireless access router, firewall, NAT

point (54 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (1 Gbps)

Introduction 1-15
Enterprise access networks (Ethernet)

institutional link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router

Ethernet institutional mail,

switch web servers

 typically used in companies, universities, etc.

 10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps transmission rates
 today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet switch

Introduction 1-16
Wireless access networks
 shared wireless access network connects end system to router
• via base station aka “access point”

wireless LANs: wide-area wireless access

 within building (100 ft.)  provided by telco (cellular)
 IEEE 802.11b/g/n (WiFi): 11, 54, operator, 10’s km
450 Mbps transmission rate  between 1 and 10 Mbps
 3G, 4G: LTE

to Internet

to Internet

Introduction 1-17
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
 takes application message
 breaks into smaller two packets,
chunks, known as packets, L bits each
of length L bits
 transmits packet into
access network at 2 1
transmission rate R R: link transmission rate
• link transmission rate, host
aka link capacity, aka
link bandwidth

packet time needed to L (bits)

transmission = transmit L-bit =
delay packet into link R (bits/sec)
Introduction 1-18
Physical media
 bit: propagates between
transmitter/receiver pairs
 physical link: what lies twisted pair (TP)
between transmitter &  two insulated copper
receiver wires
 guided media: • Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1
Gbps Ethernet
• signals propagate in solid • Category 6: 10Gbps
media: copper, fiber, coax
 unguided media:
• signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio

Introduction 1-19
Physical media: coax, fiber
coaxial cable: fiber optic cable:
 two concentric copper  glass fiber carrying light
conductors pulses, each pulse a bit
 bidirectional  high-speed operation:
 broadband: • high-speed point-to-point
• multiple channels on cable transmission (e.g., 10’s-100’s
Gbps transmission rate)
• HFC (Hybrid-Fiber Coaxial
cable)  low error rate:
• repeaters spaced far apart
• immune to electromagnetic
noise

Introduction 1-20
Physical media: radio
 signal carried in
electromagnetic spectrum
 no physical “wire”
 bidirectional
 propagation environment
effects:
• reflection
• obstruction by objects
• interference
radio link types:
 terrestrial microwave
• e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels
 WLAN (e.g., WiFi)
• 54 Mbps
 wide-area (e.g., cellular)
• 4G cellular: ~ 10 Mbps
 satellite
• Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or
multiple smaller channels)
• 270 msec end-end delay
Introduction 1-21
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-22
 The network core
 mesh of interconnected routers
 packet-switching: hosts break
application-layer messages into
packets
• forward packets from one router
to the next, across links on path
from source to destination
• each packet transmitted at full link
capacity

Introduction 1-23
 Packet-switching: store-and-forward

L bits
per packet

3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps

 takes L/R seconds to transmit one-hop numerical example:

(push out) L-bit packet into link
at R bps  L = 7.5 Mbits
 store and forward: entire packet  R = 1.5 Mbps
must arrive at router before it  one-hop transmission
can be transmitted on next link delay = 5 sec
 end-end delay = 2L/R (assuming
zero propagation delay) more on delay shortly …
Introduction 1-24
Packet Switching: queueing delay, loss

R = 100 Mb/s C
A
D
R = 1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets E
waiting for output link

queuing and loss:

 if arrival rate (in bits) to link exceeds transmission rate of link
for a period of time:
• packets will queue, wait to be transmitted on link
• packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) fills up

Introduction 1-25
 Two key network-core functions
routing: determines source-
destination route taken by
packets
 routing algorithms
forwarding: move packets from
router’s input to appropriate
router output

routing algorithm

local forwarding table

header value output link
0100 3 1
0101 2
0111 2 3 2
1001 1

destination address in arriving

packet’s header
Introduction 1-26
Alternative core: circuit switching
End-to-end resources allocated
to, reserved for “call” between
source & dest:
 in diagram, each link has four circuits.
• call gets 2nd circuit in top link and
1st circuit in right link.
 dedicated resources: no sharing
• circuit-like (guaranteed)
performance
 circuit segment idle if not used by call
(no sharing)
 commonly used in traditional
telephone networks

Introduction 1-27
Circuit switching: FDM versus TDM
Example:
FDM
4 users

frequency

time
TDM

frequency

time
Introduction 1-28
 Packet switching versus circuit switching

packet switching allows more users to use network!

Packet switching
 great for bursty data
• resource sharing
• simpler, no call setup
 excessive congestion possible: packet delay and loss
• protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control
 Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?
• bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps
• still an unsolved problem (chapter 7)

Introduction 1-30
Packet switching versus circuit switching

Timing of events in (a) circuit switching, (b) packet switching

Introduction 1-31
Internet structure: network of networks
 End systems connect to Internet via access ISPs (Internet
Service Providers)
• residential, company and university ISPs
 Access ISPs in turn must be interconnected.
• so that any two hosts can send packets to each other
 Resulting network of networks is very complex
• evolution was driven by economics and national policies
 Let’s take a stepwise approach to describe current Internet
structure

Introduction 1-32
Internet structure: network of networks
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them
together?
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net

access access
net net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction 1-33
Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to every other access ISP?

access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net

connecting each access ISP

access
to each other directly doesn’t access
net
scale: O(N2) connections. net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction 1-34
Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to one global transit ISP?
Customer and provider ISPs have economic agreement.
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net

Global
Transit
access
access
net ISP net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction 1-35
Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors
….
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
ISP A

access
net ISP B access
net

access
net
ISP C
access
net

access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction 1-36
Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors …. which
must be interconnected
IXP is a meeting point where multiple ISPs can peer together
access
access
net net Internet exchange point
access
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A

access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access
net
ISP C
access
net

access peering link

net
access
net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction 1-37
Internet structure: network of networks
… and regional networks may arise to connect access nets to
tier-1 ISPs
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A

access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access
net
ISP C
access
net

access
net regional net
access
net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction 1-38
Internet structure: network of networks
… and content provider networks (e.g., Google, Microsoft,
Akamai) may run their own network, to bring services, content
close to end users
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
Content provider network
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access
net
ISP C
access
net

access
net regional net
access
net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction 1-39
Internet structure: network of networks

Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Google

IXP IXP IXP

Regional ISP Regional ISP

access access access access access access access access

ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP

 at center: small # of well-connected large networks

• “tier-1” commercial ISPs (e.g., Level 3, Sprint, AT&T, NTT) have national
& international coverage
• content provider network (e.g., Google): private network that connects
it data centers to Internet, often bypassing tier-1, regional ISPs Introduction 1-40
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-42
How do delay and loss occur?
packets queue in router buffers
 packet arrival rate to link (temporarily) exceeds output link
capacity
 packets queue, wait for turn
packet being transmitted (delay)

B
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers

Introduction 1-43
Four sources of packet delay
transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop

dproc: nodal processing dqueue: queueing delay

 check bit errors
 determine output link
 typically < msec
 time waiting at output link
for transmission
 depends on congestion
level of router
Introduction 1-44
Four sources of packet delay
transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop

dtrans: transmission delay: dprop: propagation delay:

 L: packet length (bits)  d: length of physical link
 R: link bandwidth (bps)  s: propagation speed (~2x108 m/sec)
 dtrans = L/R dtrans and dprop  dprop = d/s
very different
* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive/
* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on trans vs. prop delay Introduction 1-45