ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

AS202
MUHAMMAD ALIF BIN RAZALI (2017411882)
ADLEEN SYAHIRA BINTI ROSIDI (2017411704)
NUR HAFIZAH BINTI IBRAHIM
 INTRODUCTION

• Oceans become one giant refuse bin for all manners of plastics.
• Plastics are cheap, lightweight, strong, durable, corrosion resistant
, and with high thermal and insulation properties – Revolutionized
our lives (Electrical, Machinery).
• Readily Available.
• Plastic production increased 0.5 to 260 million tonnes per year
since 1950 (Heap,2009)
 SCARY FACT!
In 1960s, less than 1%
our waste was plastic!!
PLASTICS

• Industrial and user-plastics composed of :

• A) Polystyrene – Cup, package boxes.
• B) Polypropylene – Bottle caps, chair, bottle.
• C) Polyethylene – Plastic bags, bottles.
• D) Styrofoam – Food container.
• E) Polyvinyl Chloride – Pipe.
• Major portion of plastic produced are made for disposable packaging.
• Over a billion single-use plastics are given for free everyday (Andrady,2009)
• Plastics’ lightweight and durability making them hazardous once seaborne.
• Their buoyancy making them easy to be carried by ocean currents and
transported across ocean basins.
• Most of plastics float, but there are reports of sunken plastic debris
(Oshima,2009).
PLASTIC WASTE GENERATOR BY INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
CONTENT INSIDE OF LAYSAN ALBATROSS CARCASS
SOURCES OF PLASTIC POLLUTION
SOURCES OF PLASTIC POLLUTION

• Dumps and Landfills

Lightweight, allow plastic to be blown away
Clutter in the drains
• Daily Use
Tissue, Wet wipes, some products that have tiny beads is flushed down
Microfibers release when washing clothes
• Fishing nets
The nets used for certain large-scale trolling operations are usually made of
plastic.
these spend long times submerged in water will emits toxins
Will harms the fishes
Economical source of food
DECOMPOSITION OF PLASTIC IN
OCEAN
• it is exposed to the rain and sun
• It will break into smaller and smaller of fragments with the help of UV
• plastic decomposes it releases potentially toxic bisphenol A (BPA) and PS
oligomer into the water
• disrupt the functioning of hormones in animals and can seriously affect
reproductive systems
CASE STUDIES

• The deep sea is becoming a collecting ground for plastic waste, according to
research led by scientists from Plymouth University and Natural History
Museum. In this study, it is revealed that around four billion microscopic plastic
fibres could be littering each square kilometre of deep sea sediment around
the world.
IMPACTS OF OCEAN PLASTIC POLLUTION
 IMPACTS TO THE ANIMALS
• Over 200 marine species reported to be impacted by entanglement.
• Even if the entanglement does not drown the animal
• Plastic cut the animal’s body as it grows.
• Inhibited ability to find food
• Inhibited ability to escape from predators
• Open wound allows the infection to spread , lead to death.
• Highly endangered North Atlantic right whale death from entanglement, could cause
species extinction.
 IMPACTS TO THE ANIMALS
• impacted by direct ingestion, mistake plastic as potential food items
• Turtle ingested the plastic orally, then regurgitated . However, the plastic end up passed
through nasal cavity
• Filter feeding animal (whale) unintentionally sift out plastic along with plankton.
• 60 percent of all seabird species have eaten pieces of plastic, with that number
predicted to increase to 99 percent by 2050.
• Plastic ingestion reduces the storage volume of the stomach. Died due to the starvation
and dehydration
PLASTIC FOREIGN BODY IN THE NOSTRIL OF A SEA TURTLE
(ENCOUNTERED AT BEACH ON THE PACIFIC COAST OF COSTA RICA )

• 10 August 2015 • 6 December 2015

 18 MARCH 2019 , PHILIPHINES : DEAD WHALE FOUND WITH 40
KILOGRAMS OF PLASTIC BAGS IN ITS STOMACH
IMPACT TO THE FOOD WEB AND HEALTH

• While some animals directly eat plastic, for others higher up in the food web (including human)it
comes hidden in their meal.
• recent study found that:
a quarter of fish at markets in California contained plastic in their guts, mostly in the form of
plastic microfibers.
on average an oyster or clam, both popular shellfish at restaurants, will contain about eight pieces
of microplastic.
• Several chemicals for the production of plastic materials are known as carcinogenic and when it
interfere with the body’s endocrine system, causing developmental, reproductive, neurological, and
immune disorders in both humans and wildlife.
IMPACT TO THE ECONOMY

• Damage to fisheries, shipping, and tourism

• Plastic waste damages the aesthetic value of tourist destinations, leading to
decreased tourism-related incomes
• major economic costs related to the cleaning and maintenance of the sites
SOLUTIONS TO OVERCOME THE OCEAN PLASTIC
POLLUTION
REDUCE , REFUSE , REPLACE

• Reduce the production and consumption of plastic

• Refuse the utilization of plastic  decrease the demand of plastic
• Replace plastic with other alternatives. (reusable, biodegradable or even
edible materials)
REMOVE

• Countless hours of human labor help to remove trash directly from coastlines
around the world.
Lawyer and activist, Afroz Shah, leads the largest beach clean-up in the world
on a beach in Mumbai, India.
Afroz Shah then being awarded the 2016 Champion of the Earth in the
Inspiration and Action category.
• Googly-Eyed Trash Eaters known as “Mr. Trash Wheel” sucks up plastics
REUSE AND RECYCLE

• Body Shop “Bring Back Our Bottle” campaign

• Many companies have started to make use of either recycled plastic or, specifically,
plastic waste collected from the ocean to produce “new” products.
Unifi, a manufacturer that spins plastic into yarn has been making graduation gowns
out of recycled plastic that over 2.2 million students have worn.
Adidas upcycled ocean plastic to create a running shoes
Cleaning product company Method made a soap bottle out of recycled plastic.
CONCLUSION
• Ocean plastic pollution is a global problems that suffered
many organisms.
• If ocean polluted, will cause an adverse impact on human
and marine animal.
• A lot of awareness had been done but few people
seriously applied it.
• Hopefully we will able to maintain the richness of
biodiversity in the ocean.
• Previously, we need to think if human can adapt with
environment, now, can environment live with us?