Chemistry Chapter 15

Acids and Bases

Acids
and
Bases
 Some Definitions
• Arrhenius acids and bases
Acid: Substance that, when dissolved in
water, increases the concentration of
hydrogen/hydronium ions (protons, H+ or
H3O+).

Base: Substance that, when dissolved in

water, increases the concentration of
hydroxide ions.
Acids
and
Bases
 Some Definitions
• Brønsted–Lowry: must have both
1. an Acid: Proton donor

and
2. a Base: Proton acceptor

Acids
and
Bases
Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases are always paired.

The Brønsted-Lowry acid donates a proton,

while the Brønsted-Lowry base accepts it.

Which is the acid and which is the base in each of these rxns?

Acids
and
Bases
What Happens When an Acid
Dissolves in Water?
• Water acts as a
Brønsted–Lowry base
and abstracts a proton
(H+) from the acid.
• As a result, a
hydronium ion (H3O+)
is formed.

Acids
and
Bases
 Ionization of HCl and formation of
hydronium ion, H3O+

H2 O + HCl  H3O+ + Cl-

Proton Proton
acceptor donor

Acids
and
Bases
A Brønsted–Lowry acid…
…must have a removable (acidic) proton.
HCl, H2O, H2SO4

A Brønsted–Lowry base…
…must have a pair of nonbonding electrons.
NH3, H2O

Acids
and
Bases
 Salts

• Compounds that dissociate releasing

neither H+ or OH- ions

• Example:
KCl  K+ + Cl-

Acids
and
Bases
 Properties of Acids
 Acids taste sour
 Acids affect indicators
 Blue litmus turns red
 Methyl orange turns red
 Acids have a pH lower than 7
 Acids are proton (hydrogen ion, H+) donors
 Acids react with active metals, produce H2
 Acids are electrolytes
 Acids neutralize bases to produce a salt
and water

Acids
and
Bases
 Acids change Indicators

Blue litmus paper turns red in contact

with an acid.

Acids
and
Bases
 Acids React with Active
Metals
Acids react with active metals to form
salts and hydrogen gas.

Mg + 2HCl  MgCl2 + H2(g)

Acids
and
Bases
Acids Neutralize Bases
HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O

Neutralization reactions ALWAYS

produce a salt and water.

Acids
and
Bases
 Acids are Proton Donors
Monoprotic acids Diprotic acids Triprotic acids
HCl H2SO4 H3PO4

HC2H3O2 H2CO3
HNO3

Acids
and
Bases
 Uses

• H3PO4 - soft drinks, fertilizer, detergents

• H2SO4 - fertilizer, car batteries

• HCl - gastric juice

• HC2H3O2 - vinegar Acids

and
Bases
 Acids you must know:
Strong Acids Weak Acids
Sulfuric acid, H2SO4 Phosphoric acid, H3PO4
Hydrochloric acid, HCl Acetic acid, HC2H3O2
Nitric acid, HNO3
Hydrobromic acid, HBr
Hydroiodic acid, HI

Perchloric acid, HClO4

Acids
and
Bases
 Properties of Bases
 Bases taste bitter
 Bases affect indicators
 Red litmus turns blue
 Phenolphthalein turns purple
 Bases have a pH greater than 7
 Bases are proton (hydrogen ion, H+) acceptors
 Solutions of bases feel slippery
 Bases neutralize acids to produce a salt and
water

Acids
and
Bases
 Examples of Bases
 Sodium hydroxide (lye), NaOH
 Potassium hydroxide, KOH
 Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2
 Calcium hydroxide (lime), Ca(OH)2

Acids
and
Bases
 Uses

• NaOH - lye, drain and oven cleaner

• Mg(OH)2 - laxative, antacid

• NH3 - cleaners, fertilizer

Acids
and
Bases
 Naming Acids, Bases, Salts

• Bases & Salts- Ionic

Name the same as ionic compounds
• Acids
Binary
• 2 elements, first hydrogen
• Hydro___ic acid
Ternary
• 3 elements, change ending Acids
• -ate  ic, -ite  ous and
Bases
Strong Acids vs. Weak Acids
Strong acids are assumed to be 100%
ionized in solution (good proton donors).
HCl H2SO4 HNO3

Weak acids are usually less than 5%

ionized in solution (poor proton donors).

H3PO4 HC2H3O2 Organic acids

Acids
and
Bases
Strong Acid Dissociation

Acids
and
Bases
Weak Acid Dissociation

Acids
and
Bases
 Concept Test

• Which of the following "molecular" pictures

best represents a concentrated solution of
the weak acid HA?

Acids
A B and
Bases
 pH Scale

• pH
a measure of the concentration of H3O+ ions in
solution
measured with a pH meter or an indicator with
a wide color range

0 14
7
INCREASING INCREASING Acids
ACIDITY NEUTRAL BASICITY and
Bases
 Acids
Have a
pH less
than 7

Acids
and
Bases
 Bases
have a pH
greater
than 7

Acids
and
Bases
 pH Scale

pH of Common Substances

Acids
and
Bases
 Neutralization Reaction

ACID + BASE  SALT + WATER

HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O

Acids
Neutralization does not always mean pH =
and
Bases
Neutralization Reaction

KOH + HNO3  H2O + KNO3

Acid? HNO3

Base? KOH

Salt? KNO3 Acids

and
Bases
 Products of Neutralization
HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O

H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2  CaSO4 + 2 H2O

HNO3 + KOH  KNO3 + H2O

The products of neutralization are always

salt and _______.
a ______ water

Acids
and
Bases