OSI Model

• The OSI model is proposed by ISO[International

Stanadrds Oragnization]
• It deals with connecting open system.
• Open System :Systems from different
manufactures which are open for
communication with other system and can
share data as well as applications with each
other.
• OSI [Open System Interconnection]:
It is a set of technical stanadrds ,approved by the
ISO,that provides a basis for data
communcations.
Physical Layer
• It is concerned with the actual physical
attachment to the metwork i.e its deals with
the means of connecting two nodes in a
network.
• It deals with transmitting raw bits over
commmuncation channel
• The design issues here deal with mecahnical
,electrical timing interfaces and the physical
transmission medium which lies below the
physical layer
Data-Link Layer
• It breaks the data into frames and passes it to
the network layer .
• Error Control:To control transmission errors.
• Flow Control:To prevent the drowning of
overflow of a slow receiver by a fast
transmitter.
• Access Control : Control access to the shared
cahnnel .A special section of the DLL called
Medium Access control deals with this
section.
Network Layer
It has the responsibility of performing source to
destination delivery of packets.

• Routing
• Congestion Control
• Quality of Service
• Addressing
• Integratiion of heterogenous networks.
Transport Layer
The Transport layer Functions:

• Control of data flow in the network.

• Ensuring no loss of data
• Ensuring that all pieces arrive correctly at
other end.
• Trsnasport layer is true end to end layer.
Session Layer
Dialogue Control :Keeping track of whose turn it is to transmit.

Token Management:Preventing two parties from attempting

same critical operartion at the same time.

Synchronization :Checkpoiniting long transaction to allow them to

continue from where they were after a crash.
Presentation Layer
 Functions of Presentation layer:

Translation: The processes in two systems exchange the

information in the form of character strings, numbers and
so on.

Different computers use different encoding methods, the

presentation layer handles the interoperability between
the different encoding methods.
• It converts the data from sender-dependent format
into a common format and changes the common
format into receiver-dependent format at the receiving
end.

• Encryption: Encryption is needed to maintain privacy.

Encryption is a process of converting the sender-
transmitted information into another form and sends
the resulting message over the network.

• Compression: Data compression is a process of

compressing the data, i.e., it reduces the number of
bits to be transmitted. Data compression is very
important in multimedia such as text, audio, video.
Application Layer
An application layer provides user interfaces and support
for services like :

•Email

•Remote file access

•File Transfer

•Shared databse management.