MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

ANTHROPOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS

Maricel M. Viñas
Sherry Ann S. Marquez

Dr. Antonio Maramag

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SEPT. 10, 2019

Sometimes one meets a
person who is immoral ,
aggressive and uses foul
language. Older people in
our society call such people
animal, hayop, walang
kaluluwa. Are they
justified in doing so?
 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:

How do humans evolved?

How important is an evolution?
How important is Anthropology?
How different is man from other
animals?
WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY?
 ANTHROPOLOGY
 Itis a scientific study of humanity, the
similarities and diversity of cultures, and
attempts to present an integrated picture
of human kind

 Italso studies the bological, social and

cultural development of humankind
and seeks answers to why people are
different and how they are similar
(Howard and Hattis, 1992)
 Italso studies culture and societies, be it
primitive, preliterate, modern, past and
present in holistic form ( Harris, 1980)

 Itis a holistic science which emphasizes the

organic or functional relation of the different
parts of society and the different
aspects of human experiences
(Ember, 1981)
It is closely affiliated to natural history. It
looks into the origin and history of man
leading to the development of culture
Lastly, it is simply the branch of science
that deals with the study of the origin,
evolution and development of human
species.
 IMPORTANCE OF ANTHROPOLOGY
Itis concerned with people everywhere ,
from those alive today, back to those
who lived in the remote past

Itis concerned with many aspects of life ,

from the shape of their teeth; how they
found and produced their food, built
their settlements, and how they reared
and educated their children
Anthropologists view this subject from
several perspectives.

Physical variations in temporary

humans
Origin of the human species and
evolution of his culture
Contemporary Culture, with its
diverse institutions, customs, beliefs
Language of people all through
out the world
 “ What we are now is
related to what we were in
the past; and the fact that
our culture and biological
nature influence one
another, make the
study of Anthropology
more interesting “
ANTHROPOLOGY BRANCHES ARE LINKED
BY THE FOLLOWING UNIFYING THEMES

Universalism
Integration
Adaptation
Holism
UNIVERSALISM
Allpeoples are fully and equally
human whether they belongs to
indigenous groups such as the Aetas,
Mangyans or Subanons or are
urbanized such as those living in
Metro Manila. All the people on
earth belong to one species, Homo
sapiens.
 INTEGRATION
 Anthropologists view the various aspects of
life, like kinship and family, economy, arts,
politics, as interwoven to form a social whole.
It also looks at all societies as an integrated
part of a large worlds system. The
anthropologist views societies within the
context of the larger world or global
perspective so that the influence of global
markets on small island societies as well as the
strategic concerns of foreign powers is also
studied
 ADAPTATION
 Anthropologistsstudy how humans are
affected by the surroundings or
environment and what adjustments
they make. These social scientists hold
that humans and their environment are
interrelated and that the end product of
an adaptation may be particular
behaviour, social system, or physical
structure.
HOLISM
 Thismeans getting the whole picture of a
phenonenon and the application of knowledge
from different fields in order to understand an
aspect of behavior. Anthropologists use the
holistic approach in studying groups and their
culture or distinctive way of life. Covering many
aspect of their social life including the history of
the area physical environment, organization of
family life, language, settlement patterns,
political, economic, and religious organizations,
and lifestyle.
 BRANCHES
OF
ANTHROPOLOGY
 PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
 Biological  Itfocuses on the
anthropology, also evolution of woman
known as physical
anthropology, is a anatomy and
scientific discipline physiology, rather
concerned with the than culture.
biological and
behavioral aspects
of human being,
their related non-
human primates
and their extinct
hominin ancestors
 ARCHEOLOGY
 It is the study of
the ancient and
recent human past
through materials
remain. It is the
study of human
culture
It is the study
It offers a unique
perspective on of ancient
human history and civilization
culture
 SOCIO-CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
o It is the study of Itfocuses the
variations among social and cultural
human cultures of the inheritance of
present and recent
humankind
past.
o It studies how people
make their living,
how they interact
with each other and
what beliefs they
hold.
 LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY
It seeks to understand
It is the study of
o

human language, written
and non-written, spoken how languages
and non-verbal. change over time
o It explores how language
shapes communication,
form social identity and
group membership,
organizes large-scale
cultural beliefs and
ideologies, and develops
a common representation
of natural and social
worlds
 ETHNOLOGY
o This concentrates on  It also investigated
the diverse cultures of and explained the
the present similarities and
o It also analyzes the differences of different
structures and cultures
functions of humans ,
and studies the role of
individual in society
including the
development of his
personality in relation
to cultural traditions
 RELATIONSHIP OF
SOCIOLOGY AND
ANTHROPOLOGY TO OTHER
SOCIAL SCIENCES
Sociology and Anthropology are also
related to history, which is the study
of past events and which attempts to
establish the social contexts that
influence people. Historians seek to
establish the chronology or sequence
of events and thus link prehistory
with the rise of civilization.

Sociologists and Anthropologists

seek to show the interrelationship
between events and notes
regularities or social patterns in them.
 P
o It is the study of the mind,
of mental processes, and of S
individual behavior. Y
o It also studies phenomena
C
like perception, attitudes H
and values personality and O
mental aberration or illness L
and how individuals cope O
with the problem they face G
Y
o It is the study of the e
production, distribution and c
consumption as well as the o
allocation of material good
and services. n
* Anthropologists are o
concerned with the relationship m
of economic activities to
society. i
* Sociologist seek to show c
the effect of socio- cultural s
factors on economic activities.
o It studies the way people
P
govern themselves; it o
studies the various forms of l s
government and their i c
relationship to the
t i
institutions of society
oIt focused on the power as
i e
embodied in formal and c n
informal organizations and a c
processes within the l
government e
 * Sociologist is P
interested in political o
behavior, voting l s
behavior , political issues i c
and the process of
t i
decision-making
i e
* Anthropologists seek to
c n
find the interrelation ship
of the polity with other a c
organizations l
e
 HUMAN
EVOLUTION
  Many people were
shocked when
Darwin introduced his
Theory of Evolution.
Why?
 Under the theory of
evolution, do you think man
still remain the same as he
is now? In physique or
appearance? In mental development?
 THE ASCENT OF MAN
 PILOPITHECUS
One of the earliest proto apes, it had the
look of a gibbon although its arms were not
as long and specialized for swinging through
trees. Its skeletal remains and its teeth
suggest that it was an ancestor of the
gibbon line.
 PROCONSUL

The proconsul is considered to be the very clear

ape, the ancestor of the chimpanzee, and
perhaps the gorilla.
DRYOPITHECUS
It is the first of the fossil of the great
apes to be discovered. Its remains were
found in Europe, North India and
China.
OREOPITHECUS
A likely side branch on man’s family
tree, it was believed to stand about
1.22 meters tall and weighed about 19.2
kilograms. Its teeth and pelvis led
scientists to wonder if it could be the
“ancestors” to man. It is not known to
be an “aberrant” ape.
 AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS
Lucy was the most complete and the oldest hominid, dated
about 3 million years ago. The discovery of additional
specimens in Africa known as the birthplace of the earliest
bipeds, has allowed anthropologists to sketch a rough
description of the genus Australopithecus.
 The Australopithecus lived up to 1. 2 million years ago.
These bipeds walked, run and stood on 2 feet from the
skeletal remains; it was believed that Australopithecus were
probably both tree and land dwellers.
 It was the oldest hominid species yet found and maybe the
ancestor of all later forms. The females who were smaller
than the males, were probably the sizes of pygmies today.
Possibly, they scavenge for meat from the carnivores and
caught small preys to supplement a diet of fruits, nuts, roots
tubers and other vegetables. They are aptly arboreal,
however, they lived mostly on the ground .
 AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICANUS
It is known as the southern ape of Africa. They lived within 1-
2 million years ago. The taungchils is one of the fossils finds
that led the anthropologists to believe that A. Africanus
probably did not live in caves. Most of their remains were
found washed in pits or were dropped by carnivores. Their
body size and brain were slightly larger than A. afarensis.
AUSTRALOPITHECUS ROBUSTUS
Based on the several skulls, jaws and hundreds of teeth
found, A. robustus was considered a ruggedly built massive-
jawed hominid. Because its massive grinding teeth fir into a
thick and heavy buttressed lower jaw, they are known to be
the “ultimate chewing machine”, suggesting they ate coarse,
tough food that need chewing.
AUSTRALOPITHECUS BOISEI
 A close relative of the A. robustus, they have the same
brain size, but in other aspects, he was hyper robust. Their
face and cheek were so massive that they known as the
“Nutcracker Man”. Anthropologists date the fossils to be 1.8
million years old. Like the A. robustus, A. boisei is believed to
be a dead-end branch of hominid line.
 Why the genus homo split away from the primitive line is an open
question. Most probably, it was suggested that the environmental
changes resulted in the appearance of the first hominid. A sharp decline
in temperature , about 2 and a half million years ago caused a re-
expansion of the Antartic ice sheets. Africa dried up and therefore caused
the reduction of wooded areas and return to open grasslands with low
shrubs and trees. Another idea is the long period of relative evolutionary
stability initiated the appearance of the genus Homo. All population,
today, are members of the sole surviving hominid species, Homo sapiens,
yet they showed varied range of physical features from group to group
HOMO HABILIS
 Know as the “Handy man” it has
larger and more sophisticated
brain and probably equipped with
rudimentary speech facility. Their
stone tools consistent of a lava
cobble, used as a batter or hammer
stone, a lava chopper and sharp-
edged flake. Skull fossils seem to be
flat, face is primitive, but the back
teeth are narrower. They may have
the ability to travel and carry
quantities of heavy materials,
which implies group activities, and
social organizations.
HOMO ERECTUS
 Homo habilis gave rise to the
large brained Homo erectus
identified as “Java Man” in 1893
and later as “Peking Man”
discovered in the 1920s. Also known
as the “Upright Man” and perhaps
the first hominid group believed to
have left the African cradle. With a
large brain, he may have had
more advanced speech, learned to
control fire, cook, food, made far
better tools, and had probably
developed intellectual curiosity,
which explains his travel.
HOMO SAPIENS
 Homo sapiens began appearing in increasing
number and variation at the time the H. erectus
disappeared in fossil records about 300,000
years ago. The archaic type seems transitional
between H. erectus and later from. As this
species came to the scene, hominids were still big
browed , with flat skull, and generally crude in
appearance. Teeth were a little smaller. By
200,000 years ago, there is a strong indication
that brain volume was expanding more rapidly.
HOMO SAPIENS VS. NEANDERTHAL
HOMO SAPIENS (NEANDERTHA!)
 With the appearance of H. sapiens, by about
125,000 years ago, brain size and organization were
basically modern. Neanderthals, named after the
site of discovery in 1856, were ragged Europeans and
Middle Easterners who survived during the Ice age.
Bu by 30,000 years ago they became extinct or
been assimilated by anatomical modern humans.
 It was first clue to human ancestry, though he was
not then recognizeas such. They were the first
humans to move in to truly cold climates during
winters and short summers. They had finer tools such
as scrappers use in dressing hides as clothing.
HOMO SAPIENS(MODERN MAN)
 Modern man physically differs a little fromhis ancestors. He is set
apart by culture; by learning how to grow food and domesticate
animals. Man could afford to give up his nomadic life and found
permanent settlements and civilizations. A high forehead, a chin and
greatly reduced brow ridges give them the look of totally modern
man. He sought refuge in caves and rock shelters. With the growing
population, they formed larger groups but established settlement
sites. They cooked in stoned-line pits. Tools and weapons are finely
dressed blades, and points. A wide variety of specialized tools such as
engraving tool called burin, needle, and harpoon head,
demonstrating the finesse of gifted craftsmanship. In the caves of
Lascaux, Cougnac, and Altamira, there is evidence of extra ordinary
artistic visions of modern man.
 The well-known varieties of the modern man are; the taller
probably white-skinned CRO-MAGNON, the broad-jawed
Chancelade and the Grimaldi of France: the shorter and white-
skinned Bruenn of Czeckoslovakia and the round-headed Offnet
man of Germany.
MODERN
HOMO
SAPIENS
HOMO FLORESIENSIS
 The Filipino Anthropologist and UP professor Michael Tan
reported in his column in the Philippine Daily Inquirer (OCT
2004) about the extraordinary fossil finds recent in recent
years. These fossil s were found in a rock shelter on the island
of Flores in Indonesia. The discovery was reported in the
British Science journal Nature by a team of scientists from
the Indonesian centre for Archaeology and the University of
New England in Australia. The fossils have been named
Homo Florensiensis, which means they are considered to be
relatives to Homo sapiens (modern man).
 One Discovery was that of a nearly complete skeleton of a
female, estimated to date back about 18,000 years old.
More fossils were also found, the remains of at least seven
other individuals, dating back between 13,000 and 95,000
years. The female fossils stood only about a meter high, with
a brain about a third size of modern man. This is why Homo
florensiensis has been described as Homo sapiens’ hobbit
cousins (a New York Times writer called them “Homo tom
Thumbus.”)
BIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY
 The theory of evolution by natural selection,
first formulated in Charles Darwin’s book “
On the Origin of Species” in 1859, is the
process by which organisms change over time
as a result of changes in heritable physical or
behavioral traits. Changes that allow an
organism to better adapt to its environment
will help it survive and have more offspring.
Gregor Mendel, a monk, while
conducting experiments on the order in
the transmission of genetic material . He
discovered that traits might “ be
masked”, but they never be blended”.
Mendel selected pea plants.

The Mendelian Theory is perceived as an

“explanation of variation and
continuity” useful to the evolutionary
theory in general
 Edward Wilson in his book “ Sociology,
the New Synthesis (1975) told that social
groups adapted to their environment
primarily to their environment primarily
through the evolution of genetic trains or
by genetic mutation or natural selection.
 This theory maintains that genetic traits are
transmitted from generation to generation
through heredity and that natural
selection which acted on the genetic
mutation , and natural transmission are
key factors for the evolution of culture and
social behavior.
SUPERIOTITY OF MAN FROM
OTHER ANIMALS
 Man has the power to invent or create
things. Benjamin Franklin called man homo
haber or tool-making animal.
 Man has discursive thinking which involves
language- Man an man alone can
communicate his thoughts through speech
and language.
 Man has a historical development
 Man possesses a unique property called self-
consciousness, which differentiates them from
other animals.
SUMMARY
 Anthropology is a science concerned with the
study of man. Man; however is such a complex
being that one science can fully understand
him. Many sciences and disciplines are
necessary to specialize on a particular aspect
of human behaviour. Thus we have different
sciences, both social and physical, devoted to
the study of man and his works.

 Both heredity and environment interplay to

produce the essence of man. Hence,
anthropology divided itself into Physical or
Biological Anthropology and Social or Cultural
Anthropology.
Since the higher types of animals like
the apes and monkeys exhibit the
closest types of development to human
beings, they became subjects to study
to guide scientists in their understanding
of human behaviour.

Social Anthropology and Sociology are

closely related in the sense that both
study man and his interrelationship in
society.
 The“theory of evolution” believed that the
human race gradually evolved from lower
order of life as a result of progressive
adaptation to the environment through the
survival of biological forms best adapted to a
competitive struggle.

 Although men and apes have common

ancestors, man came from many ancestral
predecessors until in the process of
development a mitant called hominid
appeared, from whom the human species
(Homo Sapiens) descended.
Language is a set of sounds with a
particular meaning attached to each
sound. It uses symbols understood by
other human beings; it has syntax,
grammar, vocabulary, etc. All groups of
people have language unique to each
one; like culture the language of each
group should not be considered as
higher than another.
SUPERIOTITY OF MAN FROM
OTHER ANIMALS
 Man has the power to invent or create
things. Benjamin Franklin called man homo
haber or tool-making animal.
 Man has discursive thinking which involves
language- Man an man alone can
communicate his thoughts through speech
and language.
 Man has a historical development
 Man possesses a unique property called self-
consciousness, which differentiates them from
other animals.
REFERENCES :
 Introduction to Sociology and Anthropology by
Isabel S. Panopio and Realidad S. Rolda, JMC
Press Inc.
 Sociology and Anthropology by Rogelio B.
Maguigad and Jose Florante Singson
 Geral Sociology with Introduction to Anthropology
Revised Edition by Lucila L. Salcedo and Ana
Maria R. Peralta.
 Biological Anthropology Second Edition by
Michael Allan Park, Mayfield Publishing Company
 Anthropology and Science by Jeanette Edwards

 Society and Culture by Erlito Vegerano Salvador