INTERNSHIP ON

HYDROPOWER GENERATION

PRESENTED BY: KAJOL MALIK

ROLL NO. : 1809721039
YEAR: 2ND YEAR
BRANCH/SECTION: EEE/A-2
 Contents of the Presentation
 Introduction
 How a hydropower system works
 Components of hydropower plant
 1.Dam
 2.Intake
 3.Trashrack
 4.Penstock
 5.Valves(butterfly and spherical)
 6.Turbines(reaction and impulse)
 7.Power house
 Power generation
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 INTRODUCTION
- Hydroelectric power (hydropower)
system convert the kinetic energy in
flowing water into electrical energy.
- Falling or flowing water turns a
propeller like piece called turbine.
- The turbine turns a metal shaft in an
electric generator which produces
electricity.
 HOW A HYDROELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM
WORKS

 Flowing water is directed at a turbine.

 The flowing water causes the turbine to rotate, converting the water’s
kinetic energy into mechanical energy.
 The mechanical energy produced by the turbine is converted into electric
energy using a turbine generator.
 Inside the generator, the shaft of the turbine spins a magnet inside coils of
copper wire.
 It is a fact of nature that moving a magnet near a conductor causes an
electric current.
Components of hydro power plant
1 DAM OR BARRAGE
The function of dam in a hydroelectric
project is to create an artificial head and
storage. It diverts the flow of water so that
the same could be used for generation of
power. The selection of dam type for a
particular location depends upon the
topography of the site

2. INTAKE
The function of intake is to provide a passage
to flow into the water channel or
penstock.
 3. TRASH RACK
Used to block the passage of wood logs or
aquatic species through the forebay.

4. PENSTOCK
It is a channel used to transfer the water to the
power house from the forebay. It may be of low
pressure type or high pressure type. Each turbine
can have a separate penstock or a common
penstock for 3-4 generators. It may be buried
below the earth or exposed.
 5.VALVES
Valves are mechanical devices that are used to isolate, or
release fluid, flowing through pipelines.

TYPES OF VALVES:
1) Butterfly valve (for heads only up to 200m)
2) Spherical valve (for heads above 200m)

APPLICATION OF VALVE:
1) Penstock
2) Turbine inlet valve
5.A.BUTTERFLY VALVE
BUTTERFLY VALVE IS A SHUT-OFF VALVE IN WHICH THE CLOSURE
DEVICE (BUTTERFLY DISC)
ROTATES ABOUT AN AXIS PERPENDICULAR TO THE FLOW IN OPEN
POSITION, THE DISC IS
HORIZONTAL OR VERTICAL IN THE PIPE AXIS AND THE WATER
FLOWS AROUND IT.

B.SPHERICAL VALVE

SPHERICAL VALVE IS A VALVE IN WHICH THE CLOSURE DEVICE

(PLUG) ROTATES PERPENDICULAR
TO THE FLOW AROUND AN AXIS AND THROUGH WHICH THE
MEDIUM FLOWS IN OPEN POSITION.
 6.TURBINES
 Turbines are used to convert the kinetic energy of falling water
into mechanical energy.
 Water turbine is a rotatory engine that takes energy from the
moving water
 Flowing water is directed on to the blades of a turbine runner,
creating a force on the blade.
 Principle types of turbines are:
1.Impulse turbine
2.Reaction turbine.
 6.A.IMPULSE TURBINES:
 Mainly used in high head plants.
 The entire pressure of water is converted into kinetic energy in a nozzle and the velocity of
the jet drives the blades of turbine.
 The nozzle consists of a needle and the quantity of water jet falling on turbine is controlled
by this needle placed at the tip of the nozzle.
 If the load on the turbine decreases, the governer moves the needle into the nozzle,
thereby reducing the quantity of water striking the turbine.
 Example of impulse turbine:
1. Pelton Wheel
 6.B.REACTION TURBINES
 They are mainly for low and medium head plants.
 In reaction turbine the water enters the runner partly with pressure energy and partly with
velocity head.
 Most water turbines in use are reaction turbines and are used in low (<30m/98 ft) and
medium (30-300 m/98-984 ft) head applications.
 In reaction turbines pressure drop occurs in both moving and fixed blades.
 In this turbine the runner blades change with respect to guide vein opening.
 As the sudden decrease of load takes place, the guide vein limit decreases according
to that runner blade closes.
 Example of reaction turbine:
1.Francis turbine 2.Kaplan turbine
 7.POWER HOUSE

 Power house contain the elctro

mechanical equipments i.e hydropower
turbine, generator, excitation system,
main inlet valves, transformers,
switchyard, DC systems, governers, bus
duct, step up transformer, step down
transformer, high voltages switch gear,
control metering for protection of system.
POWER GENERATION
 The
amount of electricity that can be generated by a
hydropower plant depends on two factors:
 FLOW RATE: the quantity of water flowing in a given
time.
 HEAD: the height from which the water flows.
The greater the flow and head, the greater is the
electricity produced.
 ADVANTAGES
 No fuel charges
 Running cost almost nil
 No standby losses
 Highly reliable
 Efficiency does not decrease with time.
 Construction and operation wise very simple
 Maintenance cost very less
 Starts quickly and synchronizes fast
 DISADVANTAGES
 Higher initial cost
 Takes long time for construction
 Plants
are setup at different places so
transmission losses increases
 Totally dependent on the availability of water
 Larger area required
THANK YOU