GROUP 2

- The endocrine system is made up of glands

that produce and secrete hormones, chemical
substances produced in the body that regulate
the activity of cells or organs. These hormones
regulate the body's growth, metabolism (the
physical and chemical processes of the body),
and sexual development and function. The
word endocrine derives from the Greek words
"endo," meaning within, and "crinis," meaning to
secrete.
- Endocrine glands secretes chemicals known
as hormones into the bloodstream, which
carries them throughout the body. When a
hormone in the blood reaches the target organ,
it produces a notable effect. The endocrine
system sends signals all over the body, much
like the nervous system, but unlike the instant
responses activated the nervous system, the
effects can take a few hours or even weeks.
 The hypothalamus is located in the lower
central part of the brain. This part of the brain is
important in regulation of satiety, metabolism, and
body temperature. In addition, it secretes hormones
that stimulate or suppress the release of hormones in
the pituitary gland.
In the pituitary gland, these releasing hormones
signal secretion of stimulating hormones. The
hypothalamus also secretes a hormone called
somatostatin, which causes the pituitary gland to
stop the release of growth hormone.
 The pituitary gland is located at the base of the
brain beneath the hypothalamus and is no larger than
a pea. It is often considered the most important part of
the endocrine system because it produces hormones
that control many functions of other endocrine glands.
When the pituitary gland does not produce one or
more of its hormones or not enough of them, it is
called hypopituitarism.
The pituitary gland is divided into two parts: the
anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The anterior lobe
produces the following hormones, which are
regulated by the hypothalamus:
• Growth hormone: Stimulates growth of bone and tissue
(Growth hormone deficiency results in growth failure.
Growth hormone deficiency in adults results in problems
in maintaining proper amounts of body fat and muscle
and bone mass. It is also involved in emotional well-
being.)
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Stimulates the
thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (A lack of
thyroid hormones either because of a defect in the
pituitary or the thyroid itself is called hypothyroidism.)
• Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH): Stimulates the
adrenal gland to produce several related steroid
hormones
• Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH): Hormones that control sexual function
and production of the sex steroids, estrogen
and progesterone in females or testosterone in males
• Prolactin: Hormone that stimulates milk production in
females
The posterior lobe produces the following
hormones, which are not regulated by the
hypothalamus:
• Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin): Controls water
loss by the kidneys
• Oxytocin: Contracts the uterus during childbirth and
stimulates milk production
The hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary
are actually produced in the brain and carried to the
pituitary gland through nerves. They are stored in the
pituitary gland.
 The thyroid gland is located in the lower
front part of the neck. It produces thyroid
hormones that regulate the body's metabolism.
It also plays a role in bone growth and
development of the brain and nervous
system in children. The pituitary gland controls
the release of thyroid hormones. Thyroid
hormones also help maintain normal blood
pressure, heart rate, digestion, muscle tone,
and reproductive functions.
 The parathyroid glands are two pairs
of small glands embedded in the surface
of the thyroid gland, one pair on each
side. They release parathyroid hormone,
which plays a role in regulating calcium
levels in the blood and bone metabolism.
 The two adrenal glands are triangular-shaped
glands located on top of each kidney. The adrenal glands
are made up of two parts. The outer part is called the
adrenal cortex, and the inner part is called the adrenal
medulla. The outer part produces hormones called
corticosteroids, which regulate the body's metabolism,
the balance of salt and water in the body, the immune
system, and sexual function. The inner part, or adrenal
medulla, produces hormones called catecholamines (for
example, adrenaline). These hormones help the body
cope with physical and emotional stress by increasing the
heart rate and blood pressure.
 The pineal body, or pineal gland, is
located in the middle of the brain. It
secretes a hormone called melatonin,
which may help regulate the wake-
sleep cycle of the body.
 The reproductive glands are the main source of sex
hormones. In males, the testes, located in the scrotum,
secrete hormones called androgens; the most important of
which is testosterone. These hormones affect many male
characteristics (for example, sexual development, growth
of facial hair and pubic hair) as well as sperm production.
In females, the ovaries, located on both sides of the
uterus, produce estrogen and progesterone as well as
eggs. These hormones control the development of female
characteristics (for example, breast growth), and they are
also involved in reproductive functions (for
example, menstruation, pregnancy).
 The pancreas is an elongated organ
located toward the back of the abdomen
behind the stomach. The pancreas has
digestive and hormonal functions. One part of
the pancreas, the exocrine pancreas, secretes
digestive enzymes. The other part of the
pancreas, the endocrine pancreas, secretes
hormones called insulin and glucagon. These
hormones regulate the level of glucose (sugar)
in the blood.
• Endocrine glands release hormones into the
bloodstream. This lets the hormones travel to cells in
other parts of the body. The endocrine hormones help
control mood, growth and development, the way our
organs work, metabolism , and reproduction.
The endocrine system regulates how much of each
hormone is released. The endocrine system is a
network of glands that secrete chemicals called
hormones to help your body function properly.
Hormones are chemical signals that coordinate a
range of bodily functions.
•
• The endocrine system works to regulate
certain internal processes. (Note: endocrine shouldn’t be
confused with exocrine. Exocrine glands, such as sweat
and salivary glands, secrete externally and internally
via ducts. Endocrine glands secrete hormones
internally, using the bloodstream.)
• The endocrine system helps control the following
processes and systems:
• Growth and development
• Homeostasis (the internal balance of body systems)
• Metabolism (body energy levels)
• Reproduction
• Response to stimuli (stress and/or injury)
• Infertility. This may be caused by a problem with the hormones that
control ovulation in women and the making of sperm in men.
• Hyperthyroidism. This condition can change your energy level. It can
make you lose weight. And it can give you a fast heart rate. It is caused
by having too much thyroid hormone in your body.
• Hypothyroidism. It can make you feel tired. And it can make you feel
constipated. It is caused by not having enough thyroid hormone in your
body.
• Diabetes. This happens when your body can't produce enough of the
hormone insulin or can't use it properly. Then your body can't regulate the
amount of sugar in your blood. High blood sugar can damage your eyes,
nerves, kidneys, and blood vessels.
• Missed or irregular periods. The hormones that control menstruation can
go out of balance in some women.
• Some endocrine problems, like type 1 diabetes, can't be
prevented. But there are things you can do to prevent other
problems or make them better:
• Stay at a healthy weight. Eat healthy foods and get plenty of
exercise. This can help prevent or delay type 2 diabetes.
• Include iodine in your diet. It can help prevent thyroid
problems. When you use salt, choose iodized salt over other
kinds of salt.
• Make sure all your doctors know about any hormones you're
taking. These may include birth control medicine, thyroid
hormone, insulin, or hormone therapy for menopause.
• Pancreatitis simply means inflammation of the pancreas.
There are two types of pancreatitis, acute and chronic.
• Severe acute pancreatitis symptoms and signs may show
skin discoloration around the belly button or the side of
the body between the ribs and hip (flank), or small
erythematous skin nodules.
• Symptoms of acute pancreatitis most commonly begins
with abdominal pain in the middle or upper left part of the
abdomen and abdominal pain may increase after eating
or lying flat the back.
• Necrotizing pancreatitis is a severe form of acute
pancreatitis characterized by necrosis in and around the
pancreas.
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