Citations &

Referencing
Topic Overview

 Part 1 - The need to avoid

academic dishonesty.
 Part 2 - The meaning of the
terms “citations”, “reference
list” and “referencing styles”
 Part 3 - The common APA
styles for citations and
referencing.

Page  3
Part 1 - Prelude…

Page  4
Page  5
Part 1 - Academic Dishonesty

“the theft or stealing of ideas

and other forms of intellectual
property” (Sandy, 1999, p. 75).

Page  5 Pictures are taken from various sources and for decorative purposes only
 Part 1 - Academic Dishonesty

Plagiarism Fabrication Cheating

The adoption or The falsification of Any attempt to give or
reproduction of data, information, or obtain assistance in a
original creations of citations (Simmons, formal academic exercise
another author 1999). Creating false such as exam or “hiring”
without facts or citations to others to complete your
acknowledgment create “artificial assignments (Simmons,
(Simmons, 1999). acknowledgement”. 1999).
Page  6 Pictures are taken from various sources and for decorative purposes only
 You Try!
Which statement is considered as plagiarized?
Original: “Many people who read the word yawn or
yawning will feel the urge to yawn” (Simon, 2002, p.5).
1. Many people who read the word yawn or yawning will
feel the urge to yawn.
2. According to Simon (2002), many people who read the
word yawn or yawning will feel the urge to yawn.
3. Researchers have found that by merely reading the
word yawn and yawning, a person would have the
desire to replicate the action.
4. According to Simon (2002), a person would have the
desire to perform the act of yawning by just reading
the word yawn or yawning.
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Page  8
Part 1 - Academic Dishonesty
How to avoid plagiarism? #1

(Image taken from MercedesBenz)

MENTALITY
Don’t even think of copying other’s work. Set in your
mind that you need to acknowledge things/info/ideas
Page  10 that you get from others.
Part 1 - Academic Dishonesty
How to avoid plagiarism? #2

CITATION & REFERENCING

Learn and master the correct citation and referencing
styles. If unsure, consult the lecturers or make use of
Page  11 the manual/guide.
Part 2 - The Terms: Which is which…

 It is very important to make sure you are

clear of the following terms:
o Citations
o Reference List
o Referencing Styles

Page  11
Part 2 - Citations

 Citations are used to acknowledge an

external source in your text
(essays/articles). – (to tell readers it is
not your ideas)
o “Quotations” – short and long.
o Paraphrase

Page  12
Part 2 - Quotations

 Last week I gave you this:

“Any man who can drive safely while

kissing a pretty girl is simply not giving
the kiss the attention it deserves.”

Albert Einstein in 1945

Page  13
Part 2 - Quotations

 Short quotation – Einstein (1945) stated that a

person “who can drive safely while kissing a
pretty girl is simply not giving the kiss the
attention it deserves” (p. 15).

When short quotation is used (below 40 words), ensure

that you use quotation marks “…”, and also the page
number of the source. You are not encouraged
to quote from sources without page number.

Page  14
Part 2 - Quotations

 Long quotation – Kastoryano (2000) stated that

engaging in transnational practices may result in:
an institutional expression of multiple belonging,
where the country of origin becomes a source of
identity, the country of residence a source of rights,
and the emerging transnational space, a space of
political action combining the two or more countries.
(p. 311)

When long quotation is used, there are NO quotation

Marks. Begin the quotation on a new line from the text.
The full stop comes before the page number.
Page  15
Part 2 - Citation for Paraphrase

 Two ways
oAuthor-Focus (author, year stated first)
Adams (2012) stated that Malaysians love to
sleep in class.

oInfo-Focus (author, year stated later)

Malaysian students love to sleep in class
(Adams, 2012).
Page  16
Part 2 - Reference List

 A list of all the sources that have been

mentioned or cited in your text.
 Appears at the end of your essay/
assignment.
 Warning: Only the sources that you used
are included in the list. E.g. If you cite
Mary, then Mary should appear in your
reference list.

Page  17
Part 2 - Reference List

Page  18
Part 2 - What is Referencing Style?

 A set of standardized styles prepared by

an organization.

 There are many styles worldwide.

Referencing/Citation Styles
1. American Psychological Association (APA)-
Psychology,education and other social sciences (author/ date) date important

2.Chicago Manual of Style - used for history and economics

(author/ date) emphasis on source origin, footnotes)

3. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (MLA)- literature & arts
(author/ date) authorship important

4. The Harvard system - similar to APA style and most used in Australia and
UK (author/ date)

5.The Vancouver system – used in medical and scientific journal

(numeric)
KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
REFERENCING S T Y L E S
MLA APA
Date: The date follows the publisher
in the citation and is
not in parentheses.
Author‘ The author’s full name
s name (first and last) is
spelled out.
Capitalization All major words in the title
are capitalized and the
title is underlined
Source page It is called “works cited”
Date: The date follows the author and is
inparentheses.
Autho The author’s last name is
r’s spelled out andthe first
name name is reduced to initials.
Capitalization Only the first word of the title, the
first word of a subtitle, and any
proper nouns (like names) are
capitalized. Everything else is
lowercase. Also, the title is written
in italics.
Source page The source page is called a
“References”.

◼ MLA style on referencing:

Klaphake, Elizabeth. My Life as an English Professor. Bellevue,
Nebraska: Bellevue University Press. 1999.
◼ And APA style of referencing:
Klaphake, E. (1999). My life as an English professor. Bellevue,
Nebraska: Bellevue University Press.
KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
REFERENCING S T Y L E S
HARVARD CHICAGO
Date The date follows after the Date The date follows after
author’s name the author’s name
Auth The author’s last name is Author The author’s last
or’s spelled out andthe first
’s name is spelled
name name is reduced to
initials. name out andthe first
name is reduced
Punctuation Commas between all
elements except author’s to initials.
initial/s and date. Full stop at Capitalization Titles are capitalized
the end with a period, after and book titles are
the place of publication. italicized.

◼ Harvard style of referencing:

Pollan, M 2 0 0 6 , The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals,
New York:Penguin,99-100.
◼ Chicago style of referencing:
Rollan, M, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals
(New York: Penguin, 2006), 99–100.
IN-TEXT CITATION
MLA Doris Graber suggests that “media are most influential
in areas in which the audience knows least” (210).
APA Graber (2002) suggests that “media are most influential in areas
in which the audience knows least” (p. 210).
Harvard “media are most influential in areas in which the audience knows
least”(Graber 2002)
Chicago Doris Graber suggests that “media are most influential in areas
in which the audience knows least.”1

Notes
1. Doris A. Graber, Mass Media & American Politics, 6th ed.
(Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2002), 210.
Page  26
APA Style – The Common “Rules”

It is important to remember that:

 APA follows the Author, Year format either
Adams (2012) or (Adams, 2012)
 Only author’s lastname or surname is used. For
Malay names, full name/first name can be used.

Page  27
APA Style – The Common “Rules”

APA Citations – Choosing the name (Always use

the surname/lastname)
 David J. Beckham (2010) = Beckham (2010)
 Chuah Kee-Man (2009) = Chuah (2009)
 Jimmy Choo Kim Yong (2012) = Choo (2012)
 Nigel de Jong (2009) = de Jong (2009)
 Asmah bt. Omar (2012)
= Omar (2012) OR Asmah Omar (2012)
 Nesamalar a/p Chitravelu (1995)
= Nesamalar (1995) OR Chitravelu (1995)
Page  28
APA Style – Citations

APA Style for Citations

 1 Author
Adams (2012) or (Adams, 2012)
 2 Authors
Ali and Abu (2012) or (Ali & Abu, 2012)
 3 to 5 Authors
1st time = list all. Adams, Ali, and Abu (2010) OR
(Adams, Ali, & Abu, 2010).

2nd time onwards = use et al. Adams et al. (2010) OR

(Adams et al., 2010)
Page  29
APA Style – Citations

APA Style for Citations

 Example of 3-5 authors citations
According to Ali, Abu and Atan (2011), UNIMAS
undergraduates are blessed with several state of the
art facilities which are not available in other public
universities. The sports complex for example, is
among the best in Southest Asia. Ali et al. (2011),
however, suggested that the facilities are maximised
for the grooming of world-class graduates.

Page  30
APA Style – Citations

APA Style for Citations

 6 or more
Use et al. immediately.
Adams, Ali, Abu, Atan, Aming, Amee (2012)
= Adams et al. (2012) or (Adams et al., 2012)

Page  31
APA Style – Citations

APA Style for Citations

 Group/Organization as an Author
1st Time Accident Compensation Corporation
(ACC, 1983) or (Accident Compensation
Corporation [ACC], 1983)

2nd Time onwards ACC (1983) or (ACC, 1983)

Page  32
APA Style – Citations

APA Style for Citations

 Example of Group/Organization author citations
... compensation guide (Accident Compensation
Corporation [ACC], 1983). OR The Accident Compensation
Corporation (ACC, 1983) gives guidance as to the
employer's liability.
Employee accidents at work will receive
compensation (ACC, 1983). ACC (1983) stated that liability
is the responsibility of the employer.

Page  33
APA Style – Citations

APA Style for Citations

 Secondary Source (Original Author in Another Work of
an Author)
Gomez (1990 as cited in Lim, 2001) or (Gomez, 1990 as
cited in Lim, 2001)

Note: In this case, only the

secondary source (without the
original author) will appear in the
Reference List.

Page  34
APA Style – Citations

APA Style for Citations

 Unknown Author
 Encyclopedia Britannica (2002) or (Encyclopedia
Britannica, 2002)
 "Quality Function Deployment" (2014) or ("Quality
Function Deployment," 2014)

NOTE: For a long title, use only the first few words.

If there is no year of publication use the

abbreviation (n.d.) for no date.
Page  35
DRILL: Complete the table of citations
Author-Focus below.
Info-Focus
Authors and
First citation in Subsequent first citation in Subsequent
Year Published
text citations in text text citations in text
A:John Wisley
Walker
YP: 2007
A: John Wisley
Walker ; Sam
Allen
YP: 2004
A: James
Bradley; Mary
Joy Ramirez;
Alvin Soo
YP: 1999
A: John Smith,
1999, in the
book of Mary
Sanz
YP: 2003
DRILL

Author-Focus Info-Focus
Authors and
First citation in Subsequent first citation in Subsequent
Year Published
text citations in text text citations in text
A: Dim
Wasserstein;
James Bradley;
Mary Joy
Ramirez; Alvin
Soo
YP: 2005
Department of
Science and
Technology
YP: 2004
Merriam-
Webster
YP: 1828
APA Referencing Common Rules

1. Reference list starts on a new page. Type

the word ―”References” centered at the top
of the page.
2. Double-space all reference list entries.
3. Use hanging indent form. The first line of
each reference is set flush left and
subsequent lines are indented 1/2 inch.
4. Arrange alphabetically, not by format of
publication: book, journal, etc.
APA BASIC RULES

5. The author should be the first element,

even for web pages. If no author is present,
use the editor‘s name. If no editor is present,
start with the book title or article title.
6. List author‘s last name, followed by a
comma then initials for first and middle name.
Do not spell out author‘s first or middle name.
7. Use "&" instead of "and" when listing
multiple authors of a single work.
APA BASIC RULES

8. For a journal article with more than seven

authors, list the first seven authors and three
periods, and then list the last author.
9. The date is always the second element and
is contained in parentheses.
10.Book and periodical titles should be in
italics. Volume numbers of periodicals should
be in italics.
APA BASIC RULES

11.If a journal has both a volume and an

issue number, write the volume number
followed by the issue number in parenthesis.
There is no space between the volume
number and the open parenthesis.
12.Article titles are plain text. No quotes or
italics.
13.Capitalize only the first word of the title
and the subtitle for books, book chapters, and
article titles.
APA BASIC RULES

14.Capitalize the first letter of each word in a

periodical title except articles (a, an, the).
15.Each element (author, date, title, etc.) of a
citation is separated by a period and one
space.
FOR BOOKS
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(P) Ltd. Address: Pasay City, Philippines
Address: Delhi, India
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Place of
Publication:
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Publisher:
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University Press
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