NEED AND DEVELOPMENT OF

SEISMIC RESISTANT STRUCTURES

Ponny Jyothi
Dept. Of CE
SNIT, Adoor

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 INTRODUCTION

• Earthquake is one of the most destructive disasters.

• Affects the life of people.

• Loss of life and property.

• Number of earthquakes increasing.
• Human activities.

Fig.1:Damages Caused by Earthquake (Source:

https://www.google.co.in)

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 LITERATURE REVIEW
AUTHOR TITLE OF JOURNAL NAME YEAR REVIEW
ARTICLE

Agus Basic Criteria International Journal 2018 In the paper, they said that, earthquake loads, the magnitude,
Bambang Design of of Civil Engineering direction and time of occurrence are unpredictable. They
Siswanto Earthquake and Technology, revealed that the building should have a simple, compact and
Resistant Building Volume 9, pp: 1426- symmetric shape and the structure should not be too slim.
Structures 1436. Moreover, the distribution of mass, stiffness and strength along
the height of the building should be uniform and continues.
Aman A Study on International Journal 2017 The paper provides a review on two global retrofitting
Kumar Earthquake of Innovative techniques which are, base isolation technique and tuned mass
Resistant Research in Science, damper, to build earthquake resistant structures. Retrofitting
Construction Engineering and techniques are used to improve the lateral strength and ductility
Techniques Technology, Volume of the structure. TMD can reduce the vibrations caused to the
6, pp: 5811-518. structure during the time of earthquake and is more powerful and
suitable for long-term seismic tremor ground motion.

Anant .S. A Review on International Journal 2017 The portions of column that are common to beams at their
Vishwakar Analysis of Beam- for Research in intersections are called beam-column joint. During an
ma Column Joint Applied Science and earthquake, the performance of framed structures depends upon
Subjected to Engineering the individual structural elements as well as the integrity of the
Seismic Lateral Technology, Volume joints. The joints should be strong enough to sustain the strong
Loading 5, pp: 169-173. forces under earthquake.
Chat Zahid Effect of Vertical Research Journal of 2017 Masonry structures fail even under moderate earthquakes and
Ahmad reinforcement on Engineering Science, that failure happens all of a sudden, thereby causing causalities.
the Behaviour of Volume 4, pp: 1-6. Introduction of reinforcement to masonry structures can improve
Masonry Walls the parameters like lateral strength, ductility, stiffness etc.,
Subjected to In
Plane Lateral
Loading”, Need and Development of Seismic
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 EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENON

• Occurs when the strain energy stored within rock mass is released.

Fig.2:Basic terminology of Earthquake (Source:

https://www.google.co.in)

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 EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENON (Cont…)

• Size of earthquake is measured by magnitude.

• Actual shaking at a location is measured by intensity.
• Seismograph is used to study about seismic waves.
• India is divided into different seismic zones- I, II, III, IV, V.

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 EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS ON STRUCTURES

FLOW OF INERTIA FORCES

• When ground shakes, roof has tendency to stay at rest position.
• Thus inertia forces are set up.
• Columns resist deformation only when its is straight in position.

Fig.3: Inertia Force within a Building (Source:

https://www.google.co.in)

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 EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS ON STRUCTURES
(Cont…)
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL SHAKING
• During earthquake ground shakes along three principal axis's.

• Vertical shaking is counteracted by self-weight of structure.

• Structures designed for gravity loads cannot resist lateral shaking.

Fig.4: Principal Directions of a Building (Source:

https://www.google.co.in)

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 EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS ON
STRUCTURES (Cont…)
FLOW OF INERTIA FORCES TO FOUNDATIONS
• During shaking, inertia forces are developed at mass levels.

• From the floor levels, inertia forces get transmitted to ground via walls and
columns.
• Walls and columns are critical elements.

Fig.5:Flow of Seismic Inertia Forces through all

Structural Components (Source:
https://www.google.co.in)

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 EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS ON STRUCTURES
(Cont…)
BEHAVIOUR OF BRICK MASONRY HOUSES
• More vulnerable to earthquake.
• Inertia forces can transfer to walls either in weak or in strong direction.
• Structure can collapse if pushed along weak direction.

Fig.6:Direction of Force on Masonry Wall (Source: https://www.google.co.in)

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 EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS ON STRUCTURES
(Cont…)

BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS

• Consists of RC frame, which resists earthquake forces.
• Inertia force get accumulated downward from building top.
• Lower stories experience higher earthquake forces.

Fig.7: RC Building Collapsed under Seismic Load (Source:

https://www.google.co.in)

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 NEED FOR DEVELEOPMENT OF SEISMIC
STRUCTURES

• Earthquakes usually happen all of a sudden.

• It probably occurs along with other disasters.

• Areas once not prone to earthquake started experiencing minor earthquakes.

• Traditional constructions may don’t collapse but undergo severe damages.
• Affects the socio-economic, educational and financial balances of affected
areas.

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 SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

According to the seismic design philosophy;

• Under minor shaking, the main members should not get damaged.

• Under moderate shaking, main members should sustain only repairable

damages.
• Under strong shaking, main members nay sustain severe damages but did
not collapse.
• Buildings should be designed to wear acceptable damages.
• Buildings should be ductile as possible.

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 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY FOR MASONRY
BUILDINGS
SIMPLE STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATION
• Their structural configuration should be simple.
• Components should be tied together to act as a box.
• Size of openings in walls should be small.

Fig.8:Essential Requirements to Ensure Box Action (Source:

https://www.google.co.in)

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 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY FOR MASONRY
BUILDINGS (Cont…)
HORIZONTAL BANDS
• Used to hold the building as a single unit.

• Different types of band are present.

• Flat slabs can act as roof band.
• Lintel band provides stability.
• Plinth bands are provided at areas of uneven settlement.

Fig.9:Horizontal Bands (Source:

https://www.google.co.in)

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 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY FOR MASONRY
BUILDINGS (Cont…)
VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT
• Prevent sliding of building parts.
• Prevent collapse of weaker sections.
• Prevent rocking of piers.
• Provides at edges of piers.

Fig.10:Vertical Reinforcement Prevents Sliding

in Walls (Source: https://www.google.co.in)

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 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY FOR RC
STRUCTURES
RESISTANCE OF BEAMS AGAINST SEISMIC LOADING
• Should be designed with good detailing and sufficient reinforcement.

• Has long straight longitudinal main bars and vertical stirrups.

• Main bars prevent flexural failure.
• Stirrups carry vertical shear force. Both ends of vertical stirrups should be
bend to 135 degree hook.
• Diameter of stirrup; 6mm for span less than 5m and 8mm for span more than
5m.

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 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY FOR RC
STRUCTURES (Cont…)
RESISTANCE OF COLUMNS AGAINST SEISMIC LOADING
• Vertical member.

• Has long main bars along vertical direction and transverse ties.
• Ties carry horizontal shear forces.
• Resists diagonal cracks.
• Ties hold bars and prevent excessive bending.
• Construction drawings should be provided with clear detailing.

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 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY FOR RC
STRUCTURES (Cont…)

Fig.11:Steel Reinforcement in Beams (Source: Fig.12:Steel Reinforcement in Columns

https://www.google.co.in) (Source: https://www.google.co.in)

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 ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES INFLUENCING
SEISMIC EFFECTS

• Too tall, too long and too large plan must be avoided.
• Choose simple plans and avoid U, V, H, L shaped plans.

• Along the length of the building the distribution of columns and

walls should be same. Avoid vertical setback.
• Slopy ground should be avoided for construction as much as
possible.
• Buildings should be constructed by keeping proper distance apart,
otherwise there are chances for pounding.

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 SHEAR WALL

• Vertical plate like RC walls, resists earthquake.

• Provided at seismic prone areas.

• Provide strength and stiffness to the building.

• Should be provided along length and width.
• Openings in shear wall should be symmetrical.

Fig.13:Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall

(Source: https://www.google.co.in)

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 BASE ISOLATION

• Process of installing flexible pads between foundation and superstructure.

• Introduces flexibility to structures.

• Isolators can absorb energy.

• Adds to damping.
• Most common types are rubber pads.

Fig.14: Seismic Base Isolation (Source:

https://www.google.co.in)

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 SEISMIC DAMPERS
• Control vibrations induced due to shaking.
• Seismic dampers absorbs a part of seismic energy.
• Used in places of structural elements like bracings.
• Includes different types such as viscous dampers, friction dampers etc.,

Fig.15:Seismic Dampers (Source:

https://www.google.co.in)

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 CASE STUDIES

BHUJ HOSPITAL BUILDING, GUJARAT

• Collapsed in the 2001 Bhuj earthquake.

• After earthquake, a four-storied building is constructed using the base

isolation technique.
• About 280 lead-rubber bearings were installed.

Fig.16: View of Basement in bhuj Hospital

Building (Source: https://www.google.co.in)

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 CASE STUDIES (Cont…)

TAIPEI 101, TAIWAN

• One of the biggest skyscrapers in the world.

• Houses the biggest TMD in the world.

• Counteracts big transient loads.

Fig.17: Taipei 101 Tower (Source:

https://www.google.co.in)

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 CONCLUSIONS

• Earthquakes are unpredictable.

• Occurs all of a sudden.

• Accompanied by other natural disasters.

• Affects the whole balances of damaged area.
• No structures are completely safe against quakes.
• But structures having far better seismic performance than traditional ones can
be developed.
• Has to strictly follow superior design and constructional practices.

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 REFERENCES
• Agus Bambang Siswanto (2018), “Basic Criteria Design of Earthquake Resistant Building Structures”,
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, Volume 9, pp: 1426-1436.

• Aman Kumar (2017), “A Study on Earthquake Resistant Construction Techniques”, International Journal of
Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Volume 6, pp: 5811-518.

• Anant .S. Vishwakarma (2017), “A Review on Analysis of Beam-Column Joint Subjected to Seismic Lateral
Loading”, International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, Volume 5, pp:
169-173.

• Chat Zahid Ahmad (2017), “Effect of Vertical reinforcement on the Behaviour of Masonry Walls Subjected
to In Plane Lateral Loading”, Research Journal of Engineering Science, Volume 4, pp: 1-6.

• Ishita Arora (2017), “To Study the Earthquake Resistant Design of Structure”, International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology, Volume 4, pp: 957-959.

• K. Sathishkumar (2015), “Study of Earthquake Resistant RCC Buildings with Increased Strength and
Stability”, International Journal of Innovative Research In Science, Engineering and Technology, Volume 4,
pp: 4664-4674.

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 THANK YOU

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