• IoT

• Bluetooth

• Wireless internet
• Local network

• Servers
 Internet of Things

• ”IoT is a network of physical objects

with embedded electronics that
collect and share data”
https://vimeo.com/143709971
HC-06 Bluetooth module
• HC-06 is a serial port Bluetooth
module
• Can be configured with the serial
port as well
• HC-06 only works in slave mode
so it must be connected to by
another device (HC-05 works as
either)
• Cheap wireless communication
over short distances!
 HC-06 Bluetooth module
• Module has a transistor-transistor logic level of 3.3V
while Arduino Uno has a TTL of 5V
• Correct solution would be to use a logic level
converter (More of LLCs later)
• This module can be used without a LLC by doing
some hacking
– Using voltage division the Arduino TX voltage can be
dropped to around 3.3V
– The HC-06 HIGH voltage (3.3V) is enough to register on the
Arduino as HIGH (limit is around 3V)
 HC-06 Bluetooth module
• Select R1 and R2 in a way in which
(R1 / (R1+R2)) * 5V ≈ 3.3V
• R1+R2 > 1000Ω
• Not a viable long term solution
• You need to use SoftwareSerial
to communicate with two
serial ports
• #include <SoftwareSerial.h>
SoftwareSerial mySerial(2, 3);
//(RX, TX)
 HC-06 Bluetooth module
• The module can be configured with AT commands
written to the serial monitor
• AT, returns “OK”
• AT+NAMEmoduleName, sets name to moduleName
• AT+PINxxxx, sets the pin to xxxx
• AT+VERSION, returns the module firmware version
• AT+BAUDX, sets the BAUD rate
– Values of X, 4 by default:
[1 -> 1200, 2 -> 2400, 3 -> 4800, 4 -> 9600,
5 -> 19200, 6 -> 38400, 7 -> 57600, 8 -> 115200] bps
 Example 1 – Bluetooth
module
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

SoftwareSerial BTSerial(10, 9); // RX, TX

void setup(){
Serial.begin(9600);
BTSerial.begin(9600); //9600 is the default value (BAUD4)
}

void loop() {
if (BTSerial.available()) { //If the Bluetooth module has data...
while(BTSerial.available()) { //keep reading while there is data.
delayMicroseconds(10); //small delay to prevent cutting the message short.
Serial.print((char) BTSerial.read()); //Write each byte to Serial monitor.
}
Serial.println(""); //Print the line.
}
if (Serial.available()){ //Check if anything has been entered to the serial monitor
while(Serial.available()){ //Keep reading until there is no data left.
delayMicroseconds(10);
BTSerial.write(Serial.read()); //Write data from serial to the bluetooth module for sending.
}
}
delay(50);
}
NodeMCU 1.0
• Built-in ESP8266, ”ESPduino”
• Works with Arduino IDE, not
officially though
• 12 V regulator for input voltage
• Price: 5 – 10 €
• 13 GPIO, only one PWM and ADC
(0-1 V)
• Pins work with 0 - 3,3 V!
• Good tutorial:
http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/
meet-arduino-killer-esp8266/
NodeMCU 1.0 Pinout
 NodeMCU setup
• Additional Board Manager URL:
– http://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json
 NodeMCU setup
• Add the link to the Additional Board Manager URLs
 NodeMCU setup
• Search the board manager for esp8266
• Install the library
 NodeMCU setup
• Select the
NodeMCU 1.0 as
your board
• Additional settings
appear under the
board menu
• They can be left as
they are
• Higher Upload
Speed reduces your
upload times
 NodeMCU setup
• If the device doesn’t appear in the port menu
after installing the library and connecting the
board you can try installing the USB to Serial
chip drivers.
• The chip is the ch340g
• Drivers can be found on the NodeMCU git:
https://github.com/nodemcu/nodemcu-
devkit/tree/master/Drivers
Logic level converter
• Logic shifter 3v3 <-> 5 V
• Price: Sparkfun 2,5 €
• Bi-directional, works both ways
• https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorial
s/logic-levels
 Example 2 – IP2IP UDP
1/2 2/2
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h> void sendPackets(){
#include <WiFiUdp.h> char message[128];
if (Serial.available()) {
char networkName[32] = "name"; int i = 0;
char networkPassword[32] = "password"; while(Serial.available()){
delayMicroseconds(10);
uint16_t udpPort = 2020; //UDP port number. Has to be the same in the two devices. message[i] = (char)(Serial.read()); //Save data from serial to a message buffer.
i++;
IPAddress targetIP(10, 100, 53, 46); //IP of the device you are sending messages to. }
message[i] = NULL;
WiFiUDP udp; Serial.print("Sent: ");
Serial.println(message);
void connectToWifi(){ udp.beginPacket(targetIP, udpPort); //Start communication
Serial.print("\nConnecting to "); udp.write(message, i); //Send message. i is the length of the buffer.
Serial.print(networkName); udp.endPacket();
WiFi.begin(networkName, networkPassword); }
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED){ }
Serial.print(".");
delay(500); void setup() {
} Serial.begin(57600);
Serial.print("\nConnected with IP Address: "); WiFi.mode(WIFI_STA);
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP()); connectToWifi();
} udp.begin(udpPort);
}

void checkForPackets(){ void loop() {

if (udp.parsePacket()){ //Check if there is an incoming packet available. if (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED){ //If not connected -> connect to WiFi.
char str[128]; connectToWifi();
int len = udp.read(str, 127); //Read the packet into the buffer. }
if (len > 0) { while (WiFi.status() == WL_CONNECTED) { //While connected check and send
str[len] = NULL; messages.
} checkForPackets();
Serial.print("Received: "); sendPackets();
Serial.println(str); delay(500);
delayMicroseconds(10); //Delays might be needed for stability. }
} }
}
 Example 3 – UDP Broadcast
• Otherwise similar to IP2IP but targetIP is changed to
a broadcast IP
• It can be calculated from local IP and subnet mask
• Uses almost the same sketch as in previous example
• Changes shown in the next slide
• Full sketches for both UDP examples can be found in
the exercise materials
 Example 3 – UDP Broadcast
• Adds to global variables:
• IPAddress broadcastIP;

• Adds to setup:
• broadcastIP = changeToBroadcast();

• Adds a function:
IPAddress changeToBroadcast(){
IPAddress broadcastIP(WiFi.localIP().operator[](0) | ~WiFi.subnetMask().operator[](0),
WiFi.localIP().operator[](1) | ~WiFi.subnetMask().operator[](1),
WiFi.localIP().operator[](2) | ~WiFi.subnetMask().operator[](2),
WiFi.localIP().operator[](3) | ~WiFi.subnetMask().operator[](3));
return broadcastIP;
}

• Changes:
• udp.beginPacket(targetIP, udpPort);  udp.beginPacket(broadcastIP, udpPort);
 Blynk
• Blynk is a free IoT server
• Great GUI builder on a phone application
• Free version has some limitations to the complexity
of the GUI but not much
• Very easy to use
• Instructables has full instructions for setting up Blynk
using a NodeMCU
• http://www.instructables.com/id/Simple-Led-
Control-With-Blynk-and-NodeMCU-Esp8266-/
 ESP8266 after Blynk
• Using the ESP8266 without an app like Blynk
requires some coding skills, although lots of
ready-made code can be found on the internet.
• There will also be some extra examples in the
end of the slides
• You can connect with the module directly
within its range or anywhere through internet.
• For internet connection you’ll need a website to
which the module sends data or where you can
send data to the module.
 More reading and links
• Google & Youtube - search for projects, solutions to occurring problems
and data sheets for components
• http://www.blynk.cc/ - Homepage of the Blynk software, getting
started,
community forums
• http://www.esp8266.com/ - Everything on ESP8266, wiki
• https://www.adafruit.com/ - Learning materials, guides, example
projects,
forums, store
• https://github.com/ - Largest code host, lots of projects and sample
code
• http://allaboutee.com/ - good ESP8266 tutorials
• https://nurdspace.nl/ESP8266/ - ESP8266 info and basic list of AT
commands
 Non proven older examples
• Will be found in a separate zip in the exercise
materials
 ESP8266 ADC server (just
HTML)
• Download NodeMCU.zip (place it in your sketchbook folder)
• Attach potentiometer to ADC pin (and 3.3V & GND)
• Upload ESP8266_Pot example
• Access the webserver by typing in the ip of the ESP8266 in a
browser
• (the sketch prints it in the serial monitor, if you missed it push
reset)

• REMEMBER THE ADC IS ONLY 1.0V

• (if you want “full range” voltage divider)
 ESP8266 ADC (dynamic)
• Upload ESP8266_Pot_DYN example
• Uses javascript and HTTP PUT (XML) to update ADC value
(client side scripting)
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol#R
equest_methods
 Getting data from the
•
internet
There are numerous ways of getting data from the internet
• One common way is using HTTPRequests that return JSON
objects and arrays
• You can also use XML in very similar way
• You can get e.g. weather, time or other data with by using JSON
APIs
• Sometimes you need to sign up to get an API key
• List of public JSON APIs
 Inspirator
• Download and install ArduinoJson library
• https://github.com/bblanchon/ArduinoJson

• Upload Inspirator

• Become inspired
 ESP8266 ADC (socket)
• There is an even faster way to transfer data to / from a webserver

WEBSOCKETS

• “standardized way for the server to send

content to the browser without being solicited
by the client, and allowing for messages to be
passed back and forth while keeping the
connection open”

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebSocket
 ESP8266 ADC (socket)
• We can make this even more complicated!
• Let’s put the server files (html, js, etc.) in
• SPIFFS (SPI flash file system),
• (there is external SPI flash on the ESP8266)
• Download .zip from
• https://github.com/esp8266/arduino-esp8266fs-
plugin/releases/tag/0.3.0
• Create ‘tools’ directory in the sketchbook directory
• Copy the ESP8266FS folder there
• (the path will look like
<home_dir>/Arduino/tools/ESP8266FS/tool/esp8266fs.jar).
• Restart Arduino IDE
 ESP8266 ADC (socket)
• Download the ESP8266 Websockets library:
• https://github.com/Links2004/arduinoWebSockets
• Upload the NodeMCUSocket sketch
• Write the IP down that the ESP gets (it prints it in the
serial monitor)
• Modify the menuinterface.js file to have the correct ip
for the socket server
• Upload the sketch data to SPIFFS (close serial monitors
before)
• (ToolsESP8266 sketch data upload)
 This is the final
exercise
• Course assistant will now be on-
call at the Lab at times announced
later
• Most likely at the same times as
the exercises were
• You can also contact the assistant
for meetings or help at:
eemeli.mykra@aalto.fi