Group : C

Name ID Number

Samira Taky 1514010

Masuda Akther 1514012

Md. Mahbub Alam 1514014

Rasikh Aoweb 1514015

Himadri Shekhar Roy 1514017

Introduction:

Environmental pollution is as old as the civilization itself.

It has become a major concern in the last few decades . The
present environmental condition of Bangladesh is not at all
equilibrium. Bangladesh is one of the most climate change
impacted countries. Geographical position of Bangladesh
makes it more vulnerable to natural disaster. Necessary
steps and Governmental policies are to be taken to protect
the environment for our own existence.
The Main Environmental Issues of
Bangladesh.

Land
Water
resources
Bio
Forestry and diversity
Industry

Poverty and
Issues Urbanization

malnutrition
Agriculture
Population
growth Natural
Hazards
1] Poverty and
malnutrition
Poverty and malnutrition
can be considered as the
most important
environmental concern in
Bangladesh. As a result of
contaminated drinking Poverty 38.66% Malnutrition 49%
water, lack of sanitation and poor hygiene practice, gastro-enteritis and other water- borne
diseases are common.

2] Population growth
Population growth is identified also as one
of the most serious problems in
Bangladesh. Over population places
increasing pressure on the life-
supporting capacities of the country and it
is also the cause of other environmental
hazards. The current population
of Bangladesh is 167,511,245 as of Tuesday, March 5, 2019, based on the latest
United Nations estimates. The population density in Bangladesh is 1291 per Km2 .
3) Natural Hazards
Floods, Cyclones, river erosion, geo-
morphological instability, earth quake etc. are
the common natural hazards in Bangladesh.
Flood is frequent and occurs almost every year.
The north-west part of the country invulnerable
to recurring draught. Earth quake is also a
potential natural hazard for Bangladesh. Flood in Bangladesh (2017)
The flood of 2017 disrupted people’s normal life and 1200 union of 183 upazilas under 31
districts are affected and 8746 villages affected. Total 238843 people fully and 6536509
people partially affected, Total 121 people died.

Cyclone Sidr (November 15,

The riverbank erosion is predicted to occur in 11
2007):hit the country’s coastal belt
districts on 22 probable vulnerable locations in
with a wind speed of 223 km per
the year 2018 and Bangladesh is projected to lose
hour that claimed the lives of 3,363
around 2,270 hectares of land this year due to
people.
riverbank erosion,
4) Agriculture

The economy of Bangladesh is based on agriculture and about 75% of the inhabitants live
in rural areas. But the increasing amount of population decreasing agricultural land in
Bangladesh.

.
5) Urbanization

Urbanization has been identified as one of the main long term issues in the MENAP
schematic action plan. Urban population is growing at an alarming rate centering the
capital, Dhaka (density more than 10000 people per Km). Major problems regarding
urbanization include unplanned and unregulated urban growth (5.8%). Recently six year
long project of Detail Area Plan (DAP) for Dhaka city has been gazette under the Town
Improvement Act, 1953.
Different Types of environment pollution in Bangladesh
Water Pollution

Water pollution creates serious health hazard for Bangladesh. The dumping of municipal
wastes, hospital wastes and toxic environmental discharges from mostly industries pollute
both surface and ground water sources. The most dangerous threat emanating from
environmental degradation is the arsenic contamination of ground water. Here some major
causes of water pollution in Bangladesh.
1. Industrialization, brickfield,
Dying factories, tanneries,
Grabbing up the river.
2. The slum dwellers use
unhygienic open latrines, wash
clothes; take bath even cows and
goats bathe in the river.
3. Untreated wastes are thrown
into the river as most of the
industries have no Effluent
Treatment Plant.
4.Oil spills of boats and different
water vessel.
5. Using agrochemicals in
agricultural land.
Climate Change & its Impacts on Bangladesh
Bangladesh is one of the largest deltas in the world which is highly vulnerable to Natural
Disasters because of its Geographical location, Flat and low-lying landscape, Population
density, Poverty, Illiteracy, Lack of Institutional setup etc Bangladesh experiences
different types of Natural Disasters almost every year because of the Global Warming as
well as Climate Change impacts, these are:
1)Floods/Flash Floods (Almost 80%
of the total area of the country is prone
to flooding).

2)Cyclones and Storm Surges (South

and South-eastern Parts of the country
were hit by Tropical Cyclones during
the last few years).

3)Salinity Intrusion (Almost the whole Coastal Belt along the Bay of Bengal is
experiencing Salinity problem).
4)Extreme Temperature and Drought (North and North-western regions of
the country are suffering because of the Extreme Temperature problem).
.
GOVERNMENTAL STEPS FOR POLLUTION CONTROL IN BANGLADESH

1) The ‘Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF)’: IT is the primarily responsible

for environmental protection in Bangladesh. It was created in 1989. The MOEF has taken
some steps to control the environmental pollution of Bangladesh. Brick firing(Control)
act, 1989 (revised on 2001), ban on the use, production and marketing of Polythene
shopping bags (implemented from 2002) etc worth mention. Bangladesh National
Building Code(BNBC) of 1993 came into effect with a gazette notification issued in
2006 .

2) National Environnent Management Action Plan, 1995: Publication of National

Environment Management Action Plan (NEMAP) in 1995 can be considered as in
milestone compared to other developments in many respects. This can be considered as
the ‘local agenda 21’ of Bangladesh. But again the problem is with up gradation and
continuous monitoring. The action plan has not been updated yet.

3)Environmental Conservation Act (ECA) 1995:

Environmental Conservation Act, 1995 was established to ‘provide for conservation of the
environment, improvement of environmental standards and control and mitigation of
environmental pollution. The Act can be considered as a significant step towards
implementing agenda 21.
4) The Environment Conservation Rules (ECR) 1997:
The Environment Conservation Rules, 1997 has been made under this act that is quite
comprehensive and elaborated in nature. Article 7 of it clarifies the Procedure for issuing
Environmental Clearance Certificate and Industries are listed on four categories namely
Green, Orange A, Orange B and Red. Initial Environmental Examination (EEE) and
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) are mandatory for the Orange B and red category
respectively.

5) Environmental Court Act (ECA) 2000

Environmental Court Act has been passed in 2000 (amended in 2002) to provide for the
establishment of environment courts and related matters. According to the article 4 and
5 of the act government is liable to ‘establish one or more environmental court in each
division’ ‘for trial of an offence or for compensation under an environmental law
26.Article 7A of this act is beneficial for creating mutual assistance among the law
enforcing agencies and the investigating officer of environmental court.
6) Control of Arsenic Pollution.
The Government has taken four Strategies to mitigate the arsenic problem. These are as
follows:

(1). Immediate detection of the arsenic effected patients and ensure their proper treatment.
(2). Identify the arsenic contaminated tube wells, labeled them with red colour for danger
ones and green with safe ones.
(3). Detect the reasons for arsenic contamination in soil water and find out the sources
of safe drinking water.
(4). Conduct health education campaigns and grow awareness among the people.

7) Knowledge Enrichment Programme:

Environmental education program has been incorporated in primary and higher
education. Many universities have introduced various curriculum and projects on
environmental issue. Government organizations as well as NGOs present meetings and
seminars to arise public awareness on the environmental issue.

8) Integrating NGOs:

NGO contributions in the environmental issues of Bangladesh is very significant. NG

Os like BRAC, BELA, ASA etc. played vital rules in their respective focus areas. For
example BELA is Working to promoting environmental justice and contributing to
the development of sound environmental jurisprudence and participatory law making
in the country.
Conclusion:
The "environment" includes not only the physical and biological elements of nature,
but also human-based systems - cultural, arti-factual, economic, political,
technological, spiritual and relational - that make up the settings in which people
live' (Schaefer 1993). To address an environmental issue sustainably in a specific
context holistic approach is necessary rather than discrete one. Sustainability is
legitimized by almost all national and international organization sand political
systems. International laws and conventions should be interpreted and implemented
in an integrated way based on the specific local requirements and necessities. In
addressing Agenda 21 integrated and holistic approach is desired in a context like
Bangladesh. These barriers may be overcome by creating proper institutional and
legislative frameworks, capacity building and implementation of the rules and
regulations. Monitoring of environmental laws and timely reporting should be given
priority. Agenda 21 can be a very useful guideline if addressed properly in its fullest
in Bangladesh.