CHAPTER 7

CHEMISTRY
RATE OF REACT ON
PREAPARED BY : TEO CHING SIANG
RATE OF REACTION
1.1 UNDERSTANDING OF RATE OF REACTION
1.2 FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF REACTION
1.3 THE COLLISION THEORY
1.4 PRACTISING SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE TO ENHANCE QUALITY OF LIFE
 Rate of reaction
Concentration-time graph
• Average speed is the amount of reactant
• The gradient of the graph indicates the
used up or the product formed per unit
rate of reaction
time
1 • The rate of reaction decreases as the
• Rate is proportional to 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 reaction proceeds

Concentration
• An increase in concentration increases Applications in daily activities
the speed of reaction • Combustion of charcoal
• Keeping food in refrigerator
• Cooking food in a pressure cooker
Particle size RATE OF
• A decrease in the particle size ( larger total
surface area ) increase the speed of REACTION
reaction Pressure
• An increase in pressure increases the speed
of reaction ( only in gas )

Temperature
• An increase in temperature increases the speed of
reaction Catalyst
Catalyst increases the rate of reaction

Collision Theory
• Explains rate of reaction in terms of effective collisions between
reactant particles Uses of catalyst in industry
• For effective collision, the particles must have energy equal to or • Iron in the Haber process
greater than the activation energy • V₂O₅ in the contact process
• Any factor that increases the rate of effective collision will increase • Pt in the Ostwald process
the speed of reaction
7.1 UNDERSTANDING OF RATE OF REACTION
• Rate of reaction is defined as the change in the amount of reactants or products per unit time.
• During a chemical reaction , the reactants are used up as the products are formed
• Thus, the amount of reactants decrease while the amounts of products increase as the
reaction is going on.
• We usually use water displacement method to collect the gases in school lab

Video : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NhdtqnEfa9w ( click here for more details)

METHOD OF GAS COLLECTION USING A
GAS SYRINGE SYSTEM
Rubber tubing connection

gas

Experiment video : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ssa3wh3RNt0

1. The reaction is the fastest at the start when the reactants are at a maximum , which
the graph shows the steepest gradient
2. The gradient becomes progressively less as reactants are used up and the reaction
slows down.
3. Finally the graph levels out when one of the reactants is used up and the reaction
stops.
4. The amount of products depends on the amount of reactants used.
5. The initial rate of reaction is obtained by measuring the gradient at the start of the
reaction. A tangent line is drawn to measure rate of reaction at instantaneous time.
RATE OF REACTION

• The time taken for a slow reaction is long

• The rate of reaction is slow
Slow Reaction • Example :
• A piece of newspaper turning yellow
• Rusting of water pipe
• The time taken for a fast reaction is short
• The rate of reaction is high
Fast Reaction • Example :
• Cooking a chicken using a microwave oven
• Burning of petrol in a car engine
FAST REACTION
Type of reaction Example
Neutralisation Reaction between acid and an alkali
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H₂O

Double Reaction between silver nitrate solution and sodium chloride

decomposition solution to form silver chloride precipitate
AgNO₃ (aq) + NaOH (aq)
AgCl (s) +NaNO₃

Combustion Burning fuel to form carbon dioxide and water.

CH₄ +2O₂ CO₂ + 2H₂O
SLOW REACTION

Type of reaction Example

Iron rusting Rusting takes place slowly in the presence of oxygen and water
4Fe + 3O₂ +2H₂O 2Fe₂O₃ · H₂O
Fermentation of glucose In the presence of yeast, fermentation of glucose solution produce alcohol
solution and carbon dioxide
C₆H₁₂O₆ 2C₂H₅OH + 2H₂O
Photosynthesis During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide reacts with water to form glucose
and oxygen gas
6CO₂ + 6H₂O C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
METHODS OF MEASURING REACTION RATES
Change in the
mass or
concentration
of the reactant
or product

Temperature Volume of gas

change produce

OBSERVABLE
CHANGE

Change in mass
Change in
of the reaction
colour
mixture

Formation of
precipitate
MEASURING REACTION RATES
The rate of reaction can be expressed in two ways :
1. The average rate of reaction ever a period of time
2. The rate of reaction at any given time.

The average rate of reaction is the average of the reaction rates over
a given period of time. We can measure the average rate of reaction
by measuring the change in amount of a reactant or a product over a
period of time
FINDING AVERAGE RATE OF REACTION
• Rate of reaction is a measure of how fast reaction occur, or
how much the reactant/products change in a period of
time.

𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠

Rate of reaction =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
EXAMPLE
Calcium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form carbon dioxide. After 1.2 minutes,
the volume of gas produced is 100 cm³. Calculate the average rate of reaction in units of :
(a) cm³ min⁻¹ (b) cm³s⁻¹
Solution :
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 CO₂ produced
(a) Average rate of reaction = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛

100 cm3
=
1.2 min
= 83.3 cm³ min⁻¹

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 CO₂ produced

(b) Average rate of reaction =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
83.3 cm 3
=
60s
=1.39 cm3 s ⁻¹
FINDING AVERAGE RATE OF REACTION FROM MEASURABLE
QUANTITIES

• During a chemical reaction, two things happen

(a) The quantities of reactants reduce
(b) The quantities of products increase
• Therefore, the rate of the reaction can be determined by
(a) Measuring the decrease of the amount of the reactants over time.
(b) Measuring the increase of the amount of the products over time
• However, the quantity of the reactants or product ay be measurable or immeasurable.
• The easily measured quantity changes include
– Mass
– Concentration
– Volume of gas
EXAMPLE
Reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid.
CaCO₃ + 2HCl CaCl₂ + CO₂ + H₂O
The rate of the reaction can be determined by

a. Measuring the reduces of the mass of the calcium carbonate over time
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
Rate of reaction =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛

b. Measuring the increases of the volume of the carbon dioxide gas produced
over time
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑂2 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑
Rate of reaction =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
EXAMPLE

In a reaction, 5 g of calcium carbonate takes 250 seconds to completely react with solution of
hydrochloric acid. Calculate the average rate for this reaction in units.
(a) g s ⁻¹
(b) mol s ⁻¹
[Relative atomic mass : C = 12 ; O = 16 ; Ca = 40]
Answer: (b) Relative Formula Mass of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃)
5𝑔 = 40 + 12 + 3(16) = 100
(a) Rate of Reaction = 250𝑠
Number of mole of CaCO₃
=0.02 g s ⁻¹ 5𝑔
= 250𝑠
= 0.02 g s ⁻¹

Rate of Reaction
0.05𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 250𝑠
=0.0002 mol s ⁻¹
FINDING AVERAGE RATE OF REACTION
FROM IMMEASURABLE QUANTITIES
• In some reaction, some changes are observable but difficult to be measured,
For example
– Change in colour
– Precipitate
• The time taken for the colour of a reactant to change or certain amount of
precipitate to form can be used to measure the rate of reaction.
• If the quantity change is immeasurable then,

1
Rates of reaction =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
EXAMPLE

When the aqueous of ethanadioic is mixed with acidified potassium manganate

(VII), the reaction happen slowly at room temperature. The purple colour of the
solution is bleached after 20 second. Calculate the average rate of reaction.

Answer :

Rate of reaction
1
=
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
1
=
25
=0.04 s ⁻¹
ANALYSING RATE OF REACTION FROM GRAPH
Graph of products / Reactant change against time
 In a chemical reaction,
• The reactants will decrease over time
• The product will increase over time
The rate of reaction will decrease over time owing to the decrease
in concentration and total surface area of reactants.
In a graph of quantity of products/reactant over time, the rate of
reaction is equal to the gradient of the graph.
EXAMPLE
• The reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and excess marble
will produce calcium chloride and gas of carbon dioxide. Sketch the
graph of
1. The mass of the marble against time.
2. The volume of carbon dioxide against time.
3. The concentration of hydrochloric acid against time.
4. The concentration of calcium chloride against time.
Answer:
1. 2.

3. 4.
FINDING INSTANTANEOUS RATE OF
REACTION FROM A GRAPH
• The rate of reaction changes from time to time as the reaction happens.
• The rate of reaction at a particular time is called the instantaneous rate.
• The instantaneous rate of reaction is equal to the gradient of tangent at a particular time.

∆ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡
Rate of reaction =
∆ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

∆ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = Change of the amount of product

∆ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = Change of time
EX A M PLE :

The graph shows the volume of carbon dioxide gas released

over time in a chemical reaction. Find the rate of reaction at
t= 40 s
A NSW ER :

Rate of reaction at 40 s = gradient of the tangent at 40s

132−48
Rate of reaction =
70−10
= 1.4 cm³ s ⁻¹
7.2 FACTOR AFFECTING RATE OF REACTION

1 Size of Solid
2 Concentration
Reactants of reactants

3 Temperature 4
Catalysts
and pressure
1. SIZE OF SOLID REACTANTS /
TOTAL SURFACE AREA
 The smaller the size of the particle, the bigger the total surface area.
 The bigger the total surface area, the higher the rate of reaction

Experiment
The reaction between Hydrochloric acid, HCl and Calcium Carbonate,
CaCO₃.
CaCO₃ + 2HCl CaCl₂ + CO₂ + H₂O

Video : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gl6LVl7oAlU
Experiment 1 :
25 cm³ of 0.5 mol dm⁻³ hydrochloric acid + calcium carbonate chips .The carbon
dioxide gas released is collected in a burette. The volume of the gas released is
recorded in every 30s. The result is plotted in a graph
Experiment 2 :
25 cm³ of 0.5 mol dm⁻³ hydrochloric acid + calcium carbonate powder. As in
experiment 1, the carbon dioxide gas released is collected in a burette and
the volume of the gas released is recorded in every 30s. The result is plotted
in the same graph in experiment 1.
Conclusion :

• The gradient of the curve for experiment 2 is greater than the curve for
experiment 1. This indicate that the rate of reaction of reaction in experiment
2 is higher than experiment 1.
• We can conclude that, the smaller the particle size of the reactant, the bigger
the total surface area and the higher the rate of the reaction will be.
2. CONCENTRATION OF REACTANT
The higher the concentration of the solution, the higher the
rate of reaction

Experiment
By measuring the time taken for the formation of sulphur precipitate
when sulphuric acid, H₂SO₄ reacts with sodium thiosulphate (VI),
Na₂S₂O₃ of different concentration, we can investigate the effect of
concentration of the reactant on the rate of reaction.

Video : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5p06i9ilmo
Procedure
1. 50 cm³ of 0.2 mol dm⁻³ sodium thiosulphate solution + 10 cm³ of 0.5 mol dm³
sulphuric aceid
2. The time taken for the mark disappeared from the view is recorded
3. The experiment is repeated by using sodium thiosulphate solution with
concentration 0.4 mol dm⁻³ , 0.6 mol dm⁻³ , 0.8 mol dm⁻³ and 1.0 mol dm⁻³
Conclusion 1 :

The graph for concentration of sodium thiosulphate (VI) , Na₂S₂O₃ against

time taken for the suphur precipitate to formed is plotted.
The concentration of sodium thiosulphate is inversely proportional to the
time taken for the marked ‘X’ to disappear.
Conclusion 2 :

 The graph for concentration of sodium thiosulphate (VI), Na₂S₂O₃ against 1/time
taken is plotted
 As the concentration of sodium thiosulphate increase, the value of 1/time increase.
We should note that the 1/time =rate of reaction
 The higher the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution, the higher the rate of
reaction.
3. TEMPERATURE OF THE REACTANT
The higher the temperature of the solution, the higher the rate of
reaction.

Experiment
By measuring the time taken for the formation of sulphur precipitate ( yellow
solid) when sulphuric acid, H₂SO₄ reacts with sodium thiosulphate, Na₂S₂O₃ of
different temperature we can investigate the effect of temperature of the
reactant on the rate of reaction

Video : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hjh7chIAEOw
Procedure
1. 50 cm³ of 0.2 mol dm⁻³ sodium thiosulphate solution at 30 ֯C + 10 cm³ of 0.5 mol dm⁻³
sulphuric acid
2. The time taken for the mark disappeared from the view is recorded
3. The experiment is repeated by using sodium thiosulphate solution with temperature 35 ֯C, 40
֯C and 50 ֯C
Conclusion 1 :

• The graph for the temperature of sodium thiosulphate (VI), Na₂S₂O₃ against time taken for the
sulphur precipitate to formed is plotted.
• As the temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution decreases, the rate of reaction also
decrease
Conclusion 2 :

• The graph for the temperature of sodium thiosulphate (VI) , Na₂S₂O₃ against 1/(time taken) is
plotted.
• As the temperature of sodium thiosulphate increase, the value of 1/time increase. We should
note that 1/time = rate of reaction.
• The higher the temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution, the higher the rate of reaction.
4. PRESSURE OF GAS
The higher the pressure of the gas, the higher the rate
of reaction

• For reaction involve gas, the rate of reaction is affected by the

pressure of the gas
• Pressure DOES NOT affect the rate of reaction where the
reactants are in the form of solid and liquids.
• The higher the pressure of the gas, the higher the rate of reaction
 5. CATALYST
• Catalyst is a chemical substances that change the rate of chemical reaction.
• Characteristics of catalyst :
Only a small amount of catalyst is needed to
increases the rate of reaction. An increase in the
Catalysts provide a different reaction quantity of catalyst will increase the rate of
path with a low activation energy reaction but only a very slight increase

Catalyst Does not change the quantity of

products formed

It is specific in its action. It can only

catalyse a particular reaction

During a reaction, catalyst remains chemically

unchanged but may undergo physical changes. For
example, catalyst may turn into powder during the
reaction Alters the rate of reaction
Catalysts provide a different reaction path with a low activation energy
LIST OF REACTION AND THE CATALYST
Type of reaction Catalyst used
1. Haber process for the manufacture of ammonia Iron, Fe
N₂ (g) + 3H₂(g) 2NH₃(g)

2. Contact process for producing sulphur trioxide Vanadium (V) oxide,V₂O₅

2SO₂ (g) + 5O₂(g) 2SO₃(g)

3. Ostwald process for producing nitrogen monoxide. Platinum, Pt

4NH₃(g) + 5O₂ (g) 4NO (g) + 6H₂O(g)

4. Manufacture of margarine Nickel, Ni

In the presence of a catalyst at 200 ֯C, vegetable oils react with hydrogen to
produce margarine, This process is called hydrogenation.

5. Cracking process Aluminium oxide ,Al₂O₃

When big alkane molecules are assed over a catalyst at 600 ֯C, a mixture of small Or
alkane and alkene molecules is produced. This process is called catalytic cracking. Silicone (IV) oxide, SiO₂
FACTOR AFFECTING CATALYST

• A catalyst is a substance which can change the rate

of reaction.
• There are 2 types of catalyst :
–Positive catalyst . Increase the rate of reaction
–Negative catalyst. Reduce the rate of reaction
Experiment 1 :
Set 1 : Zinc + Hydrochloric Acid
Set 2 : Zinc + Hydrochloric Acid + Copper Sulphate

Chemical Reaction : Zn + 2HCl ZnCl₂ + H₂

Result :

Copper (II) sulphate acts as a catalyst to increase the rate of reaction between zinc and
hydrochloric acid

Conclusion
The presence of catalyst increase the rate of reaction
Experiment 1 :
Set 1 : Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide
Set 2 : Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide+ Manganese (IV) Oxide ( catalyst )

Chemical Reaction : 2H₂O₂ 2H₂O + O₂

Result :

Manganese (VI) oxide acts as a catalyst to increase the rate of reaction between zinc and
hydrochloric acid

Conclusion
The presence of catalyst increase the rate of reaction
APPLICATION OF CATALYSTS IN INDUSTRY
Haber Process ( Produces Ammonia )
In the Haber process , a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen in the
ratio 1 : 3 id conducted through the powdered iron as catalyst at a
temperature of 450°C to 550°C and a pressure of 200 to 300
atmosphere with molybdenum as a promoter
Powdered iron is used as a catalyst to raise the rate of reaction
Also, the reaction is conducted at high temperature to increase the
rate of reaction.
Contact process ( Produce Sulphuric Acid )
Stage 1 : Sulphur is burnt in air to produce sulphur dioxide
S + O₂ SO₂

Stage 2 : Sulphur dioxide that is formed is mixed with excess oxygen and is
conducted through the catalyst vanadium (V) oxide to raise the rate of reaction.
A temperature of 500 °C and a pressure of 1 to 2 atm is used
2SO₂ + O₂ 2SO₃

Stage 3 : Sulphur trioxide that is formed is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric

acid to firm oleum at stage two.
SO₃ + H₂SO₄ H₂S₂O₇

Stage 4 : Sulphur trioxide does not dissolve directly in the water because this
reaction releases too much heat and could even produce an explosion. Then,
water is mixed with the oleum to produce concentrated sulphuric acid
H₂S₂O₇ + H₂O H₂SO₄
Ostwald Process ( Produce Nitric Acid )
Stage 1 : At the first stage, ammonia is oxidized in excess in the presence of
platinum as catalyst to produce nitrogen monoxide The high temperature of 850
°C and pressure of 5 atm is used
4NH₃ + 5O₂ 4NO + 2NO₂

Stage 2 : Nitrogen monoxide that is formed reacts with oxygen to produce

nitrogen dioxide at stage two.
2NO + O₂ 2NO₂

Stage 3 : Nitrogen dioxide together with excess air is dissolved in hot water at
a temperature of 80 °C to produce concentrated nitric acid.

3NO₂ + O₂ + 2H₂O 4HNO₃

7.3 SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE TO
ENHANCE QUALITY OF LIFE
• In our home, we require machines to increase the rate of reaction and the
machine to reduce the rate of reaction. Example of such machines are
microwave oven and refrigerators respectively
• In the hospitals, oxygen tents are used to save lives. The
high concentration of oxygen helps patients with difficulty
in breathing to breath normally.
• In human bodies, enzymes are needed to catalyse complex biochemical
reactions.

• Nowadays, enzymes are used extensively in industry to enable reaction to

proceed rapidly at room temperature and pressure.
7.4 COLLISION THEORY Video : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eSInI1xHvh4

• The collision theory states that for a chemical reaction to occur, the reacting particles must :
1. Collide with each other so that the breaking and formation of chemical bonds can occur.
2. Process energy that is equal to , or more than the minimum energy called the activation
energy.
3. Collide in the correct orientation.
• According to collision theory, atoms, ions and molecules can react
to form products when they collide with one another, provided that
the colliding particles have enough kinetic energy.

Video : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eSInI1xHvh4 ( click for more dynamic explain )

Activation Energy
• The activation energy is the minimum energy that the reactants particles must
achieve at the time of collision in order for a chemical reaction to take place.
• The value of the activation energy is different for different reactions.
• A reaction with high activation energy occurs slowly whereas a reaction with a
low activation energy occurs fast
Energy profile Diagram
• In the diagram of energy profile, the activation energy is shown by the
difference in energy between the peak of the graph and the level of the energy
of the reaction substances
Type of reaction Energy Profile Diagram

Exothermic Reaction

Endothermic Reaction
FACTOR AFFECTING RATE OF REACTION-
EXPLANATION BY COLLISION THEORY
• Total Surface Area of Reactants
– When the size of the solid substances that react is smaller, its total surface area exposed become
larger
– This causes the collisions frequency between the reactants increases.
– As a result, the frequency of effective collision also increases and hence increases the rate of
reaction.
Presence of Catalyst
• When a positive catalyst is used in a reaction, the catalyst prepares an
alternative path with lower activation energy for the reaction.
• As a result, the frequency of effective collisions increases and hence increases
the rate of reaction.
Concentration
• Solution with higher concentration has more particles per unit volume in the
solution
• As a result, the collisions frequency between the reactants increases.
• Consequently, the frequency of effective collisions also increases and hence the
rate of reaction increases.
Temperature
- When the temperature of a reaction increases, the particles of the reacting
substances move faster.
- This causes the collision frequency between the reactants increases.
- As a result, the frequency of effective collisions also increases and hence
increases the rate of reaction.
Pressure of Gas
• For a reaction that involve a gas, when pressure increases the particles of gas
are compressed to fill th spaces which are small. This makes the number of
particles of gas per unit of volume to increase
• This cause he collision frequency between the reactants increases.
• As as result, the frequency of effective collisions also increases and hence
increases the rate of reaction.

Low pressure High pressure

THANK YOU