• Early Philosophers believed that the

Universe was made up of five

“elements” Earth, Air, Fire, Water and
the mysterious Quintessence (also
known as aether).
AETHER
• According to ancient and medieval science, aether (Ancient
Greek: αἰθήρ, aither[1]), also spelled æther or ether and also
called quintessence, is the material that fills the region of
the universe above the terrestrial sphere.[2] The concept of aether was
used in several theories to explain several natural phenomena, such as
the traveling of light and gravity. In the late 19th century, physicists
postulated that aether permeated all throughout space, providing a
medium through which light could travel in a vacuum, but evidence for
the presence of such a medium was not found in the Michelson–Morley
experiment, and this result has been interpreted as meaning that no
such luminiferous aether exists
However, the most widely
accepted theory is the BIG
BANG Theory
• Our understanding of physics has come along way
since then as we now know that the Universe
consist of a multiplicity of subatomic particles held
together by four fundamental forces, which are the
• Strong Force
• Weak Force
• Electromagnetic Force
• Force of Gravitation
STRONG FORCE

• A fundamental interaction of nature that acts

between subatomic particles of matter. The
strong force binds quarks together to make
more-familiar subatomic particles, such as
protons and neutrons.
WEAK FORCE

• The weak force is so because although

it is stronger than gravity, it is only
effective at very short distances (10-
18m).
ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE
• Responsible for most of the interactions we
see in our environment today. The EMF holds
electrons in their orbit around the nucleus.
These electrons interact with each other
electrons to form electron bonds among
elements and produce molecules and,
eventually, visible matter.
FORCE OF GRAVITATION
• Newton’s law of universal gravitation is usually stated
that every particle attracts every other particle in the
universe with a force which is directly proportional to
the product of their masses and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between their centers.
• G= 6.674x10-11 m
• F=G m1x m2/d2
• Unit: m3/kg.s