Mobile

Communication &
Antenna Basics

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 EM Wave

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 Antenna

 Interface between Transmission line and Free Space.

 Passive device

 Used to collect or radiate electromagnetic waves.

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Half wave dipole antenna

l/2

lWave length--= c/f

C-Velocity of E M wave in space
F- Frequency of the wave

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 Dipoles

Wavelength
1/4Wavelength

1/2Wavelength

1/4Wavelength
1/2Wavelength
Dipole

1800MHz ：166mm
900MHz : 333mm
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 Electrical Properties

Frequency Range
Impedance
VSWR

Polarization
Gain
Radiation Pattern

Beam width of antenna

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 Impedance

 50

Antenna
Cable
50 ohms
50 ohms

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 VSWR

Forward: 10W

50 ohms 80
ohms 9.5W
Reverse: 0.5W

Return Loss： 10log(10/0.5) = 13dB

VSWR (Voltage StandingWave Ratio)

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 Antenna Types

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 Polarization

Vertical Horizontal

Vertical Polarization:
The electric field is vertical to the ground
Horizontal Polarization:

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+ 45degree slant -45degree slant

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 Dual Linear Polarization

V/H (Vertical/Horizontal) Slant (+/- 45°)

Back
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 Electric downtilt

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Side lobes

Upper Side Lobe

Suppression (dB)

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Mechanical Downtilt

 Adjust antenna
mechanically to tilt lobe
down

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 Frequency Bands
• GSM 900 : 890-915 MHZ (U/L)
: 935-960 (D/L)

• GSM 1800 : 1710-1785 MHz;

1805-1880 MHz

• CDMA : 824-849 ; 869-894 MHz

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For circulation to Trainees only
 Early Mobile Systems
• Traditional mobile service was structured in a fashion
similar to television broadcasting
– One very powerful transmitter located at the highest spot in
an area would broadcast in a radius of up to 50 kilometers

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 Moving to cell concept…
– A cellular mobile communication system uses a large
number of low-power wireless transmitters
– Variable power levels allow cells to be sized
according to subscriber density and demand within a
particular region
– As mobile users travel from cell to cell, their
conversations are handed off between cells
– Channels (frequencies) used in one cell can be
reused in another cell some distance away

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 What is a Cell ?

• A base station (transmitter) having a number of

RF channels is called a cell

• Each cellcovers a limited number of mobile

subscribers within the cell boundaries ( Coverage
area)

• Typical Cell Radius Aprox = 30 Km

(Start up), 1 KM (Mature)

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 Cells
• A cell is the basic geographic unit of a cellular system
– The term cellular comes from the honeycomb shape
of the areas into which a coverage region is divided
– Cells are base stations transmitting over small
geographic areas that are represented as hexagons
– Size varies depending on the landscape

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 Different Types of Cells
EXTENDED-CELL: CONCENTRIC-CELL:
macro cell with system coverage macro cell with system coverage
extension ( 120 km) for coasts... limitation inside another macro

MACRO-CELL:
antenna radiating ‘above’ roofs
---> Wide Coverage ( 35 km)

• High sensitivity to
interference
• Requires "secured"
Frequency reuse pattern

PICO-CELL:
Antenna inside building
---> Very small coverage
MICRO-CELL: • High isolation from
interferences
Antenna ‘below’ the roofs
• A few Frequencies
---> small coverage intensively reused

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 Why we need Cells?

• FREQUENCY (RESOURCE) SCARCITY

• DEMAND FOR HIGHER CAPACITY
• COST EFFECTIVENESS

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 Frequency Bands
• GSM 900 : 890-915 MHZ (U/L)
: 935-960 (D/L)

• GSM 1800 : 1710-1785 ;

1805-1880

• DAMPS : 824-849 ; 869-894

• CDMA : 824-849 ; 869-894

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 Paired Radio Channels in GSM
Case of GSM 900

Uplink Downlink BTS

890 MHz Frequency 915 MHz 935 MHz Frequency 960 MHz

0 channel # 124 0 channel # 124

Example:
Channel 48

Duplex spacing = 45 MHz

Frequency band spectrum = 2 x 25 MHz
Channel spacing = 200 kHz

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 Mobile Comms. Principles

– Mobile uses a separate, temporary radio channel to

talk to the cell site
– Cell site talks to many mobiles at once, using one
channel per mobile
– Channels use a pair of frequencies for
communication
• The forward link for transmitting from the cell site
• The reverse link for the cell site to receive calls
from the users

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 Mobile Systems Using Cells
• Interference problems caused by mobiles using the
same channel in adjacent areas proved that all channels
could not be reused in every cell
• Areas had to be skipped before the same channel could
be reused
• Although this affected the efficiency of the original
concept, frequency reuse was still a viable solution to the
problems of mobile systems

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For circulation to Trainees only
 Clusters

• A cluster is a group of cells

– No channels are reused within a cluster

A seven Cell Cluster

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 Frequency Reuse
– Cells are assigned a group of channels that is
completely different from neighbouring cells
– The coverage area of cells is called the
footprint and is limited by a boundary so that
the same group of channels can be used in
cells that are far enough apart

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 Frequency Reuse

• Cells with the same number have

the same set of frequencies

Frequency
Reuse
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 Ideal Cells Formation

Base Station

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 Fictitious Cells Formation

Base Station

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 Real Cell Formation

Base Station

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 Frequency Reuse Concept

f1 undesired signal f1
co-channel interference desired
signal
D
R R

with the concept of “Frequency Reuse” comes the term

“Co-channel Interference”

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 Frequency reuse

A
A
2 2
7 3 2
7 3
1
1 D7 3 A
6 4 1 A
6 4 A
5 5 6 4
5

D A
 3N A
R
D = distance between cells using the same frequency
R = cell radius
N = reuse pattern (the cluster size, which is 7).

Thus, for a 7-cell group with cell radius R = 3 miles, the frequency reuse
distance D is 13.74 miles.
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Frequency Reuse Pattern N = 3

2
1
3

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Frequency Reuse Pattern N = 4

2
1 3
4

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 Interference and Capacity

• Interference causes
– cross-talk, poor quality,(voice channel)
– blocking and missed calls (control channel)

• Co-channel interference
– Frequency reuse in nearby cells

• Adjacent channel interference

– Signal in adjacent frequency band
– Signals from other cell companies

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FDMA-Frequency Division Multiple
Access
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Time

-Limited Bandwidth; But always available to user.

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 TDMA-Time Division Multiple
Access:
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Time
Higher Bandwidth: But on time domain, shared

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 CDMA-Code Division Multiple
Access:
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Time

Entire bandwidth available to all users all the time

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For circulation to Trainees only