-SARATH PREKASH V K (1BM17IM045)

Control Charts
 The control chart is a graph used to study how a process changes

over time
 Control charts consist of a
a) central line that represents the Central Limit (CL)
b) an upper line that represents the Upper Control Limit
(UCL)
c) a lower line that represents the Lower Control Limit (LCL)
 Serve as permanent monitoring system for Statistical Process
Monitoring
 THE p-CHART
Normal p-chart: limits and false alarm risk
An attribute chart that presents the number of defective articles
produced in a given period is known as p – chart.

This approximation is considered acceptable when 0.1< p < 0.9

False alarm α risk:

• A p-chart’s performance can be evaluated based on the

type I error.

• The reference value for α is the usual 0.0027 American

standard, which is pre-fixed
Need For An Improved P-chart
1. Shewart charts were not designed for very small
proportion of nonconforming items

2. These charts were developed by the normal approximation

to the binomial distribution of the sample.

3. Monitoring of p with symmetric control limits will subject

it to increased false alarm in detecting an increase or
decrease in p.
 THE CORNISH–FISHER CORRECTED
P-CHART

1. THE P-CHART WITH ONE ADJUSTMENTS

Where UCL1 and LCL1 represent the new Upper Control Limits
and Lower Control Limits of the p-chart
False alarm study

Approximated normal (●) versus Cornish–Fisher (▲) (one adjustment).

• Taking an ideal p-chart as the reference, which has alpha risk

α0, the pre-fixed risk of Type-I error is set as 0.0027.

• This correction can be used only for p values > 0.014,

when n = 20.
2. THE P-CHART WITH TWO ADJUSTMENTS

Where UCL2 and LCL2 represent the improved Upper Control

Limits and Lower Control Limits of the p-chart
False alarm study

Normal approximation (•); Cornish-Fisher (two adjustments) (●)

• It is clear that the two-term correction shows false alarm
risk is much closer to the reference value α = 0.0027 than
the traditional normal based chart.

• It is also seen that the correction works well with p values

greater than 0.0014, when n = 20.
Minimum Values Of P According To The Sample Size And
Correction Type
Numerical illustration with real data
• An example of a manufacturing process which produces
a hand brake cable of certain vehicles,

p control chart - two sided , n-20, p=0.004, a0 = 0.0027

The control limits and α risk for the three charts (normal-based,
CF1 and CF2) are shown below

 It can be seen that CF2 limits (UCL2) is more appropriate

when compared to the normal-based limits (UCL)
 By the help of quality control tools, the company managed to
reduce the proportion of non conforming cables to a value of
^p = 004.
The new situation is shown in the control chart below.

p control chart - two sided, n = 20, p = 0.004, α0 = 0.0027

Control limits and alpha risk from chart

 It is seen that in this situation both normal-based and one-

correction (CF1) show a high false alarm risk. Also, here
np(1-p) is equal to 0.08, which is the lowest value suggested to
use the CF2 correction.
 FINAL COMMENTS AND CONCLUSION
 In high quality process the value of p is very small and the sample
size aren’t large enough which makes the conventional p-chart
inadequate in detecting the number of non-conforming products.

 Just by including a new term, this modified p chart has some

advantages

 It is suggested to consider the choice of the appropriate p-chart:

without correction, with one term of correction and with two terms of
correction, respectively are as follows:
when np(1_p) ≥ 5 without correction
when np(1_p) ≥ 0.25 one term of correction
when np(1_p) ≥ 0.08 two terms of correction