Data Analysis and

Interpretation
Methods
 Quantitative and Qualitative
Research Analyses
Qualitative Research Analysis Quantitative Research Analysis

Uses less standardized methods of data Uses a specialized and standardized set of
analysis data analysis methods

Uses many approaches to analyze data Applies a mathematical approach

Finds patterns or relationships and Data analysis does not start until all data
conducts analysis even during the data have been collected and summarized into
collection phase of research numbers. Data are manipulated to find
patterns or possible relationships.
Quantitative Data
Analysis
 Data Coding
• The researcher reorganizes the data into a format
that can easily be processed by computers.
• They develop rules to assign numbers to variable
attributes.
• It is then necessary for them to establish coding
procedures and produce a well-organized and
comprehensive codebook prior to the collection of
data.
 Steps in Data Coding
1. Encode collected data.
• When the data are not well organized, or they are
not in numerical form, researchers produce rules to
assign certain numbers to variable attributes.
• Assign a particular code to a particular variable.
 Steps in Data Coding
2. Create a well-organized and detailed codebook.
• A codebook is a document that describes the coding
procedure and the location of data for variables in a
format that computers can use.
 Steps in Data Coding
3. Transfer the information gathered from each
question in the questionnaire into a format that can be
processed by computers.
4. Conduct statistical analysis using computer
programs.
5. Verify the accuracy of coding.
 Statistical Analysis
• Frequency distribution- the easiest method to use for
describing its numerical data
• Raw count table
• Column-Percentage Table
• Row-Percentage Table
•Using graphs
• Use of data table
• Bar graph
•Histogram
• a type of bar chart where the categories are in the form
of ranges of numbers
• it is used to show combined continuous data
•Pictogram
• A type of bar graph that uses an axis with
numbers and uses pictures to represent a
particular number of items
 Pie Chart
• Looks like a circle or a pie that has been cut into
segments
• It is used to show how a whole is broken down into
significant parts
 Line Graph
• Used to show dependent data and the development
of trends over time
• It depicts a point of value for each category and the
categories are joined in a line.