What is Resistance?

Property of a substance or
material which opposes the
flow of electrons or current
 Factors that Influence
Conductor Resistance
1. Composition of conductor
2. Length of the conductor
3. Cross – sectional area of the
conductor
4. Temperature
Resistance of a
Conductor
R = ρL / A
 Resistivity (ρ) of Materials
at 20°C (in Ω – m)
Hard drawn copper 1.77 x10 – 8 Ω–m
Annealed copper 1.72 x 10 – 8 Ω – m
Aluminum 2.83 x 10 – 8 Ω – m
Silver 1.64 x 10 – 8 Ω – m
Gold – 8
2.44 x 10 Ω – m
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
• Calculate the resistance of a 2 km length
of the aluminum overhead power cable if
the cross sectional area is 100 mm2. The
cable is at 20°C.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
• Calculate the cross sectional area in mm2
of a piece of copper wire at 20°C, 40 m in
length and having a resistance of 0.25 Ω
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
• The resistance of a 5 m length of wire is
600 Ω. Determine the resistance of an 8 m
length of the same wire?
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
• A piece of wire of cross-sectional area 2
mm2 has a resistance of 300 Ω. Find the
cross-sectional area of a wire of the same
length and material of resistance 750 Ω.
 Conductors Undergoing a
Drawing Process
• Resistance Variations with respect
to Length

• Resistance Variations with respect

to the diameter
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
• A wire of length 8 m and a cross sectional
area 3 mm2 has a resistance of 0.16 Ω. If
the wire is drawn out until its cross
sectional area is 1 mm2, determine the
resistance of the wire.
 Temperature Coefficient of
Resistance (α) at 0°C
• Copper 0.00427/°C
• Aluminum 0.00424/°C
• Silver 0.0041/°C
• Tungsten 0.00495/°C
• Zinc 0.004/°C
• Carbon - 0.00048/°C
Temperature Coefficient of
Resistance (α) at different
temperature

α2 = 1
(1/α1) + ΔT
Temperature Coefficient of
Resistance (α) for copper
T 0°C 5°C 10°C 20°C

α 0.00427 0.00418 0.00409 0.00393

T 30°C 40°C 50°C

α 0.00378 0.00364 0.00352

Temperature Coefficient of
Resistance (α) for platinum
T 0°C 5°C 10°C 20°C

α 0.00392

T 30°C 40°C 50°C

α
α (at 20°C) = 0.00392
Resistance depending on
the temperature

R2 = R1 [1 + α1 (T2 – T1)]
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
• A coil of copper wire has a resistance of
100 Ω when its temperature is 0°C.
Determine its resistance at 70°C if the
temperature coefficient of resistance of
copper at 0°C is 0.0043/°C.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
• The resistance of a coil of aluminum wire at
18°C is 200 Ω. The temperature of the wire is
increased and the resistance rises to 240 Ω. If
the temperature coefficient of resistance of
aluminum is 0.00424/°C at 0°C, determine the
temperature to which the coil has risen.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
• Some copper wire has a resistance of 200 Ω at
20°C. A current is passed through the wire and
the temperature rises to 90°C. Determine the
resistance of the wire at 90°C, correct to the
nearest ohm, assuming that the temperature
coefficient of resistance is 0.004/°C at 0°C.
 CONDUCTORS
Wire Measurement
American Wire Gauge (AWG)
Circular Mil (CM)
• CM = d2 = (mil)2
• 1 inch = 1,000 mils
• 1 MCM = 1,000 CM
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
• Find the area in circular mils of a wire
with a diameter of 0.004 inch.
 Diameter, d Circular mil Area, Metric size,
Gauge No.
(mil) d2 mm2
14 64.08
12 80.81
10 101.9
8 128.5
6 162.0
4 204.3
2 257.6
1 289.3
1/0 50
2/0 60
3/0 80
4/0 100
- 250 MCM
- 500 MCM
- 1000 MCM
 Diameter, d Circular mil Area, Metric size,
Gauge No.
(mil) d2 mm2
14 64.08
12 80.81
10 101.9
8 128.5
6 162.0
4 204.3
2 257.6
1 289.3
 Diameter, d Circular mil Area, Metric size,
Gauge No.
(mil) d2 mm2
1/0 50
2/0 60
3/0 80
4/0 100
 Diameter, d Circular mil Area, Metric size,
Gauge No.
(mil) d2 mm2
- 250 MCM
- 500 MCM
- 1000 MCM
 RESISTORS
• Carbon Resistor – used for low
current applications made from a
rod of compressed graphite that is
mixed with clay and binders.
CARBON COMPOSITION
RESISTOR
CARBON COMPOSITION
RESISTOR
CARBON FILM RESISTOR
METAL FILM RESISTOR
 RESISTORS
• Wire wound Resistor – used to
control large amount of currents
WIRE WOUND RESISTOR
RESISTOR COLOR CODING
AND OHMIC VALUES
 RESISTOR COLOR CODING
AND OHMIC VALUES
COLOR Significant
Multiplier Tolerance
CODING figure
Black 0 1
Brown 1 10 1%
Red 2 100 2%
Orange 3 1,000
Yellow 4 10,000
Green 5 100,000
Blue 6 1,000,000 0.25%
 RESISTOR COLOR CODING
AND OHMIC VALUES
COLOR Significant
Multiplier Tolerance
CODING figure
Violet 7 10,000,000 0.1%
Gray 8 100,000,000
White 9 1,000,000,000
Gold 0.1 5%
Silver 0.01 10%
No color 20%
RESISTOR COLOR CODING
AND OHMIC VALUES
RESISTOR COLOR CODING
AND OHMIC VALUES
RESISTOR COLOR CODING
AND OHMIC VALUES
RESISTOR COLOR CODING
AND OHMIC VALUES
RESISTOR COLOR CODING
AND OHMIC VALUES
RESISTOR COLOR CODING
AND OHMIC VALUES
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
• Determine the value and tole-
rance of a resistor having a
color coding of yellow-violet-
gold-no band.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
• Between what two values
should a resistor with color
coding yellow-violet-black-no
band lie?
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
• Determine the color coding for
a 470 kΩ having a tolerance of
5%.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
• Determine the color coding for
a 47 kΩ having a tolerance of
5%.
CONDUCTANCE (G)
G = 1/R
CONDUCTIVITY of
Material (σ)
σ = GL / A
 CONDUCTANCE (G)
Find the conductance of a
conductor of resistance
a. 10 Ω
b. 5 kΩ
c. 100mΩ
Thank you
PRACTICE !!!
 What are the values of
resistance indicated by the
following color codes?
RED RED RED GOLD

2,200 Ω ± 5%
WHITE BROWN YELLOW
GOLD

910 kΩ ± 5%
BROWN BLACK ORANGE
NO COLOR

10 kΩ ± 20%
BROWN BLACK BLACK
SILVER

10 Ω ± 10%
VIOLET GREEN BLUE
GOLD

75 MΩ ± 5%
GRAY RED BROWN
SILVER

820 Ω ± 10%
BLUE RED GREEN GOLD

6.2 kΩ ± 5%
YELLOW VIOLET GREEN
SILVER

4.7 MΩ ± 10%
 What are the equivalent
color codes of the following
resistance values?
 0.1 MΩ ± 5%

BROWN BLACK YELLOW

GOLD
 6.2 MΩ ± 5%

BLUE RED GREEN GOLD

 270 mΩ ± 10%

RED VIOLET SILVER

SILVER
 3.3 kΩ ± 10%

ORANGE ORANGE RED

SILVER
 9.1 kΩ ± 5%

WHITE BROWN RED

GOLD
 4,700 Ω ± 10%

YELLOW VIOLET RED

SILVER
 8.2 MΩ ± 10%

GRAY RED GREEN SILVER

 100,000 Ω ± 20%

BROWN BLACK YELLOW

NO COLOR