Effect of Drip Irrigation on Crop Yield and

Produce Quality in different crops

CREDIT SEMINAR

Neha Chauhan
A-2018-40-029
Department of Soil Science
CSKHPKV Palampur 22
 Contents
Scenario of Indian Agriculture
Water Availability
Irrigation and Micro-irrigation

Drip Irrigation & its components

Effect of Drip irrigation on yield and quality

of various crops
Potential and Prospects of expansion of drip
irrigation
Conclusions

3
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 300
Food grain area (Mha) 2500

Yield (kg ha-1)

250
2000
Foodgrain area (Mha)

200

Yield (kg ha-1)

1500

150

1000

100

500
50

0 0

4 4
5
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 Issues of 21st century
Global Hunger Index

Food required to
feed population
2018 2050
 Water Resources Availability in India
• Water is one of the most important renewable natural resources for supporting
life. With the increasing population of India as well as its all-round
development, the utilization of water is also increasing at a fast pace.
• On an average, India receives annual precipitation (including snowfall) of about
4000 km3. It is estimated that out of the 4000 km3 water, 1869 km3 is Average
annual potential flow in rivers available as water resource.
• Out of this total available water resource, only 1123 km3 is utilizable (690
km3 from surface water resources and 433 km3 from ground water resources).
• The water demand in the year 2000 was 634 km3 and it is likely to be 1093
km3 by the year 2025. Due to rapid rise in population and growing economy of
the country, there will be continuous increase in demand for water, and it will
become scarce in the coming decades.

87
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(FAO)

• The daily drinking water requirement per person is 2-4 litres, but it takes 2000 to
5000 litres of water to produce one person's daily food.
• It takes 1000-3000 litres of water to produce just 1 Kg of rice.
• Over the period to 2050 the world's water will have to support the agricultural
systems that will feed and create livelihoods for an additional 2.7 billion people.
• The extent of land under irrigation in the world is 277 million hectares, about 20
percent of all cropland. Rainfed agriculture is practiced on the remaining 80 percent
of the arable land.
• Due to climate change, Himalayan snow and ice, which provide vast amounts of
water for agriculture in Asia, are expected to decline by 20 percent by 2030.
• Water use has been growing at more than the rate twice of population increase in
the last century.
• By 2025, 1800 million people will be living in countries or regions with absolute
water scarcity, and two-thirds of the world population could be under stress
conditions.

Source: CWC Handbook on water and related resources 8

• According to the international norms, a country can be
categorized as 'water stressed' when water availability is less
than 1700 m3 per capita per year whereas classified as 'water
scarce' if it is less than 1000 m3 per capita per year.
• In India, the availability of surface water in the years 1991
and 2001 were 2309 m3 and 1902 m3. However, it has been
projected that per capita surface water availability is likely to
be reduced to 1401 m3 and 1191 m3 by the years 2025 and
2050, respectively.
• The Per capita water availability in the year 2010 was 1588
m3 against 5200 m3 of the year 1951 in the country.

9
Issues of 21st century

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Source: River Basin Altas of India
GOI, Ministry of Water Resources 11
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The present scenario of water resources and their management in
India has given rise to several concerns

• Large part of India have already

become water stressed.
• Rapid growth in demand for water due
to population growth, urbanization
and changing lifestyle pose serious
challenge to water security.
• Over-exploitation of ground water
• Growing pollution of water source
• Access to safe drinking water and
other domestic needs still continues to
be a problem in many areas

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There is also the problem of decreasing size of
landholding………

They cultivate
86% growers in 44% of the land
India are small and contribute
holders 50% to farm
output

Landholding Average size

declined from 2.30 would be mere
ha in 70s to 1.32 ha 0.68 ha in 2020 &
in 2000-01 0.32 ha in 2030

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And the degradation of the environment……

146.8 million ha of land in

india is degraded

16 million ha has soil

salinity and water-
logging

25 million ha is affected
by soil acidity

Water-table and water

quality deteriorating
1414
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Farmers Challenge

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What
is the
Way out?
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 Introduction
• Irrigation is the process of supplying water by artificial

means to agricultural fields for crop production.

• Micro-Irrigation is one of the latest innovations for applying

water and it represents a definite advancement in irrigation

technology.

• Micro irrigation is defined as the frequent application of

small quantities of water directly above and below the soil

surface; usually as discrete drops, continuous drops or tiny

streams through emitters placed along a water delivery line.

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 Need for Micro-Irrigation
• The water crisis is assuming serious proportions in the world.

The burgeoning world population and ever increasing need of

water is likely to cause water scarcity in the coming decades.

India with a high population growth and millions of mouths to

feed has immense pressure on agriculture.

• Out of the total water consumption in the world about 70

percent is consumed by the agricultural sector. In India about

80 percent of the water goes to agricultural sector.

• The green revolution in the late sixties has rescued us from

food grain shortage and made us selfsufficient. This was

possible through the use of HYV seeds, fertilizers and

expansion of irrigation facilities through government’s

initiatives.
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 Need for Micro-Irrigation
• This progress is not without its cost. There have been serious consequences of
indiscriminate withdrawal of water for irrigation. The water table has gone
down and expansion of irrigation in arid and semiarid areas has also caused the
problem of salinity and water logging.

• It can be said that wasteful irrigation practices like flood and furrow irrigation
are major culprits causing wastage of water leading to its crisis which is
worsening day by day.

• The technology of drip irrigation comes with the solutions to save water and
therefore its adoption in Indian context becomes indispensable. It is important
for almost all the developing agrarian nations, which often face water scarcity
due to hydro meteorological extremes like droughts, extreme events, etc.

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 History of Drip Irrigation
• The use of drip irrigation can be traced back to the ancient
custom in certain parts of India of irrigating a tulsi plant kept in
the courtyard. During the summer months, the plant was
irrigated by a hanging pitcher containing water and a minute
hole at its bottom to allow the trickling of water on to the plant.

• The tribal farmers of Arunachal Pradesh practised a primitive

form of drip irrigation system using a slender bamboo as the
conduit for water flow.

• The use of drippers in sub-surface irrigation network was first

experimented with in Germany in 1869. The conspicuous growth
of the petrochemical industry during and after the 1950s
facilitated manufacturing of plastic pipes at a cost much cheaper
than the cost of metallic or cement concrete pipes.
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 Introduction
• Drip Irrigation also known as trickle irrigation is
a form of irrigation practice that makes efficient
use of water by supplying water to the roots in a
manner where water drips slowly to the roots of
plants through an arrangement of pipes, valves
and emitter.
• The aim is to eliminate any wastage of water
through evaporation or percolation and derive
maximum benefits out of it. This technology aims
to save water and therefore its adoption becomes
indispensable particularly for India where we face
water scarcity and also need to increase our
productivity.

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 Introduction
In India, there has been a tremendous growth in the area under drip
irrigation during the last 15 years. At present, around 3.51 lakh ha area is
under drip irrigation with the efforts of the Government of India, while it
was only 40 ha in 1960. Maharashtra (94,000 ha), Karnataka (66,000 ha)
and Tamil Nadu (55,000 ha) are some of the states where large areas have
been brought under drip irrigation.

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 Area

• In India, Maharashtra (0.48 million ha),

Andhra Pradesh (0.36 million ha) and
Karnataka (0.17 million ha) account for more
than 70% of the total area under drip
irrigation.
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 Water Movement in different
irrigation systems

Drip irrigation

Sprinkler System Furrow system

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Wetting pattern of soil in drip irrigation

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Drip Irrigation System

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Components of Drip Irrigation

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 Water source
There are basically two main types of water sources: groundwater and
surface water:

Many existing and potential water supply sources for irrigation systems are
derived from surface water, which does not tend to have high levels of
salts, and thus systems are usually less prone to formation of precipitates in
drippers when using a surface water source.

Groundwater is generally of higher quality than surface water. However,

iron and manganese levels should be measured, as high levels may lead to
dripper clogging, and treatment may be required.

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 Pumps & pumping stations
• Selecting a pump for an irrigation system requires an
understanding of the water conditions and local system
requirements. Poor pump selection can lead to high
operating costs and shortened pump life; this in turn
impacts on the performance and reliability of the whole
irrigation system.

• When a pump site is selected it is necessary to consider a

range of factors, including availability of power, proximity
to the development site and water quality issues..

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 Filtration
• Filtration is critical in any drip irrigation system. Effective filtration is essential for
proper irrigation system operation and long-term performance, as it prevents the
irrigation water from clogging the drippers.

• For use with a drip irrigation system, irrigation water must be filtered to remove:

• Physical material - Silt, clay, mud, etc.

• Chemicals - Iron, calcium, manganese (these sometimes combine to form

conglomerates), etc.

• Organic material - Plankton, etc.

• Biological material - Algae, etc.

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 Types of filters

Vortex sand
Media separators Disc Screen
Filters (Hydro- Filters Filters
cyclones)

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 Filtration
• Primary filtration
Responsible for filtering relatively large particles near
the water source. Comprised of a media or disc filter.
• Secondary filtration
Responsible for filtering relatively small particles
remaining after the main filtration stage. Two types of
filters can be used for secondary filtration: • Screen
filter • Disc filter

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 Water meters and pressure gauges
• Water meters: Water meters provide information regarding water
application that is essential for irrigation scheduling, and for the
monitoring of dripper clogging. Propeller meters are the most
common type in agricultural applications.

• Pressure gauges: Pressure gauges are essential components in a drip

irrigation system. Providing vital information concerning the
irrigation system, they help in the detection of leaks and clogging and
in the management of filters, chemical injectors and in keeping the
system in its operating range

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 Dosing unit
• A dosing unit serves Fertigation and chemigation:

• Fertigation: The most effective way to increase the yield and quality of a
crop is by feeding the plant according to its specific, ever-changing needs.
This means delivering the right amount of water and nutrient at the right
time. Fertigation refers to injection of nutrients for the plant.

Fertigation comprised of three stages:

• Dissolving soluble fertilizers (if required).

• Injecting nutrients according to the desired dosing ratios.

• Delivering the precise quantity of nutrients to the plant's root zone.

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 Fertilizer Injectors

Venturi Fertilizer Fertilizer

assembly tank injection
pump

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 Commercial Fertilizers Suitable for Fertigation

• Urea (46:0:0)
• Ammonium Nitrate (33:0:0)
• Ammonium Sulphate (21:0:0)
• Di Ammonium Phosphate
(18:46:0)
• 19:19:19
• 13:40:13
• 13:00:45
• 12:61:00
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 Chemigation
• Chemigation refers to injection of chemicals to prevent or
reduce dripper clogging (addition of chlorine, hydrogen-
peroxide, acid or others), and the injection of chemicals for
crop and soil concerns (herbicides, pesticides and others).
• Because the water passages in drippers are relatively small,
they can be clogged; therefore, along with filtration, the
capability to inject chemicals for dripper clogging control is an
important feature.

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 Drippers
• The drippers incorporated at uniform spacing along the dripper line deliver
water and nutrients directly to the plant root zone.

• A typical drip irrigation system includes thousands of drippers.

• Each dripper should be durable, resistant to clogging, and emit the same
amount of water.

• The flow rate and spacing of the drippers is important in determining the
wetting pattern and for the prevention of runoff or deep percolation.

• A properly operated and maintained drip irrigation system provides water

and nutrients to the crop root zone without runoff or deep percolation.

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 Types of Drippers
Online drippers: Online • Inline drippers: Inline
drippers are attached on the lateral drippers are the integral part of
laterals. Spacing between them is
by drilling a hole and inserting
fixed while manufacturing. These
into lateral by hand. All online
are useful for row field crops and
drippers can be opened up for small tree crops like citrus etc.
cleaning.

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Customization of design for crop specific requirement

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Customization of design for crop specific requirement

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 Types of Drip Irrigation System
Surface drip system
• In surface drip system the emitter and
lateral pipe are placed on the soil
surface. This is the most common and
popular type of drip system.
• It is suitable for wide-spaced plants as
well as for row crop. It is easy to use
a surface drip to observe and inspect,
change and clean the emitters,
observe surface moisture patterns and
measure individual emitted discharge
rates.
Sub-surface drip system
• In subsurface drip irrigation system the
lateral is placed below the ground and
near to the plant root zone area. In this
system, water is slowly applied below
the surface through the emitters.
• Due to the sub-surface drip method,
there is less intervention in agriculture
or any cultural practices and possibly
more operational life and provides little
interference with cultivation or any
cultural practice.
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 Benefits of drip irrigation over surface irrigation

Crop Yield increase (%) Water Saving (%)

Mango 80 34.8
Banana 52.0 45.0
Pomegranate 98.0 45.0
Tomato 50.0 39.0
Watermelon 88.0 36.0
Brinjal 14.0 53.0
Onion 53.8 46.1
Potato 79.5 54.1
Cotton 88.0 46.6

Source: Farmer’s Handbook on Basic Agriculture - MANAGE 44

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On-farm irrigation efficiency of different irrigation methods

Source: Farmer’s Handbook on Basic Agriculture - MANAGE 45

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 Crops suitable for drip irrigation
Orchard crops Grapes, Pomegranate, Orange, Citrus,
Mango, Lemon, Guava, Papaya, Litchi
etc.

Vegetables Tomato, Chilly, Capsicum, Cabbage,

Cauliflower, Onion, Brinjal, Cucumber
etc.

Cash crops Sugarcane, cotton etc.

Flowers Rose, Carnation, Gerbera, Lily, Marigold

etc.

Plantation Tea, Rubber, Coffee, Coconut etc.

Spices Turmeric, Cloves etc.

Oilseed Sunflower, Groundnut etc.

4646
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 PMKSY

The Government of India launched the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) or
Prime Minister’s Agriculture Irrigation Programme, with the slogan ‘Per Drop More Crop’ in
July 2015.

It is a policy initiative to shift towards microirrigation so as to ‘save’ water in agriculture and

boost crop yield. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) has been launched with
the motto of providing “Har Khet Ko Paani” and end-to-end solutions in irrigation supply
chain, viz. water sources, distribution network and farm level applications.

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• Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP) – to focus on faster
completion of ongoing Major and Medium Irrigation projects – being implemented
by MOWR, RD&GR.
• PMKSY (Har Khet Ko Pani) – to focuson source augmentation, distribution,
ground water development, lift irrigation, diversion of water from water plenty to
water scarce areas, supplementing rain water harvesting beyond IWMP &
MGNREGA, repair, restoration, renovation of traditional water bodies etc. – being
implemented by MoWR, RD&GR.
• PMKSY (Per Drop More Crop) – to focus on micro level storage structures,
efficient water conveyance & application, precision irrigation systems, topping up
of input cost beyond MGNREGA permissible limits, secondary storage, water
lifting devices, extension activities, coordination & management - being
implemented by DAC&FW.
• PMKSY (Watershed Development) - to focus on ridge area treatment, drainage
line treatment, soil and moisture conservation, water harvesting structure,
livelihood support activities and other watershed works being implemented by
DoLR.
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 50
50
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• The pattern of assistance
payable to the beneficiary
under the micro irrigation
scheme will be
• 55% for small and marginal
farmers and
• 45% for other farmers
• The subsidy payable to the
beneficiary will be limited to
an overall ceiling of 5 hectare
per beneficiary.

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 Benefits of Drip Irrigation Technology
• Due to the precise and optimum supply of water directly to the roots it
restricts the growth of unwanted plants (weeds) in the vicinity of the crop
which makes the crop grow with vigour and keep its maintenance easy.
Restricts weed • It further cuts down the expenditure on labour as frequent weeding is not
growth and insect
infestation required at all thus bringing down the overall operational cost

• This offers an added advantage of irrigating all kinds of soils which are
otherwise very difficult to irrigate in the flooded method of irrigation.
• Soils which are very light with deep percolation of water can be irrigated at
Suitable for the same time very heavy soils that have very low infiltration rate can also
different kinds
of soils be easily brought under irrigation

• Due to the adequate supply of water at the required points it reduces the
loss of important nutrients through leaching and surface runoff.
Enhances • It thus provides nutrients to the exact requirement of the plants without
fertilizer any wastage of fertilizer.
efficiency

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 Benefits of Drip Irrigation Technology
• Saline water can also be used for irrigation.
• The regular irrigation keeps the salt away from the soils by leaching it away
Use of saline to the periphery.
water

• This advantage of drip irrigation makes it very distinct as it can irrigate fields
with high gradient and reach uneven terrain, rolling hills where other means
of irrigation are irrelevant and impractical.
Suitable for
all kinds of • This irrigation practice does not require making the field even which is very
important if other forms of irrigation are practiced
topography

• As water is supplied slowly for a longer period of time to its root no surface
runoff occurs, therefore, no soil erosion takes place.
Soil erosion • It checks the movement of fertilisers to the surface water and restricts
pollution of water bodies also.
is reduced

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 Problems and Constraints in its
Adoption in India
There is a mere 5 percent share of drip irrigation in the
total net irrigated area of the country. The target to bring at
least one third of irrigated area under drip irrigation is not
easy to achieve as there are certain problems that need in
depth deliberations and radical policy changes. There are
some key issues that have relevance in present socio –
economic set up of the country.

54 54
 Issues
1. High initial costs make the technology unfeasible for small and marginal farmers.

2. High emitter clogging rates due to dust and salinity. The system requires proper
filtration so that dust and other particles do not block the small emitter holes.

3. Drip Irrigation has been used for irrigating only a few selected crops in India. It is
adopted mostly for coconut (19%), banana (11%), grapes (10%), mango (9.4%),
citrus fruits (7.9%) and pomegranate (6.2%). It may not be suitable for closely
planted crops like cereal grains which are grown across large areas in the country.

4. It requires a lot of technical and management skills for setting up and upkeep. Lack
of technical support and follow up by the government, private companies and
NGOs may be a hindrance for adoption.

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 Issues
5. The process of applying and being approved for the subsidy however is
complex and involves numerous agencies. As a result, farmers are
dependent on manufacturers and middlemen to facilitate the process.

6. Only selected, pre-approved drip kits qualify for the subsidy which stifles
creative marketing strategies on the part of manufacturers as well as efforts
to bring down the cost of drip systems through innovative technology or
product designs.

7. Mechanical damage by farm labour, birds and animals

8. Easy availability of irrigation water especially in northern parts of the

country.

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 1960’s Present era

Food Security Nutritional Security

57
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 58
58
For our country, where a large chunk of our population is
poor and nearly half the children are malnourished,
Ensuring nutritional quality is of utmost importance………
59
59
59
 Topic name
• Long term effect of fertilizers, organics and
amendments on soil health sustenance, crop
productivity and quality of produce.

60
60
Grain yield of on-farm trial rice (kg ha-1) as influenced
by different irrigation methods

Bansal et al. (2018)

Haryana 61
61
Grain yield of dry direct-seeded rice in drip versus flood
irrigation

Treatments Grain yield (t/ha)

Drip Irrigation 1.5 X Epan 7.68

Drip Irrigation 2.25 X Epan 7.93

Drip Irrigation 3.0 X Epan 8.01

Flood Irrigation 7.60

CD (P=0.05) 0.35

Sharda et al. (2017)

Ludhiana
62
62
Yield of wheat crop under drip and sprinkler irrigation

50

45

40

35

30 Drip Irrigation
Sprinkler Irrigation
25

20

15

10

0
Grain yield (q/ha) Straw yield (q/ha)

Chouhan et al. (2015)

Jabalpur, M.P. 63 63
 Topic name
• Long term effect of fertilizers, organics and
amendments on soil health sustenance, crop
productivity and quality of produce.

64
64
Yield and quality of guava (Psidium guajava L.)
as influenced by drip irrigation

Yield per plant (kg)

TSS (%) Ascorbic acid (mg/100g pulp)

25.36 54.25
52.32 51.42
23.21
21.08

12.6 12.12 11.1

D1 (100% water D2 (80% water level) D3 (60% water level) D1 (100% water D2 (80% water level) D3 (60% water level)
level) level)

Rao et al. (2017)

(Bhopal) 65
6565
Fruit yield and cracking of pomegranate as
affected by different irrigation scheduling
Fruit cracking (%)
30% CPE 40% CPE 50% CPE 60% CPE
70% CPE 80% CPE 90% CPE

6.79
6.53 6.48 58.8

5.27
45.3

37.7

2.91
2.29
1.64

9.7

0.8 0 0
30% CPE 40% CPE 50% CPE 60% CPE 70% CPE 80% CPE 90% CPE 30% CPE 40% CPE 50% CPE 60% CPE 70% CPE 80% CPE 90% CPE

Marathe and Babu (2017)

Solapur, Maharashtra 66
66
Effect of drip fertigation on fruit weight (g
fruit-1) of apricot
100%RD CF 75% RD CF 50% RD CF 100% RD WSF 75% RD WSF 50% RD WSF

16.8

16.3
16.1
15.7

14.6
14.2

100%RD CF 75% RD CF 50% RD CF 100% RD WSF 75% RD WSF 50% RD WSF

Raina et al. (2011)

Nauni, H.P. 67
67
Yield and quality of Kinnow in S-W Punjab before & after
installation of drip irrigation

Before drip
Parameters studied (conventional) After drip
No. of fruits/plant 900 900
Uniformity in size non uniform size uniform size
No. of grades of fruits 5-6 grades 3 grades
Dropping of fruits more less
Weight of fruits (kg)
/plant 110 150
Rs.1,05,000-
Auction price Rs.62,500-75,000/ha 1,12,500/ha
Yield of produce (t/ha) 35 44
Benefit cost ratio 1.44 2.22

Singh and Kumar (2001) 68

6868
Abohar, Punjab
 Topic name
• Long term effect of fertilizers, organics and
amendments on soil health sustenance, crop
productivity and quality of produce.

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Effect of drip irrigation and fertigation on
cauliflower curd yield
Treatment Curd yield (Mg/ha)
IRec 11.1
I1.2 F100 13.2
I1.2F66.3 11.5
I1.2F33.3 10.3
I1.0F100 11.9
I1.0F66.3 11.1
I1.0F33.3 9.3
I0.8F100 11.3
I0.8F66.3 10.2
I0.8F33.3 8.8

Kapoor et al. (2014)

Palampur 70
7070
 Yield, water requirement and WUE of capsicum as influenced by different
treatments

Treatments Yield (t/ha) Water requirement WUE (kg/ha-mm)

(mm)

100% drip irrigation 25.11 319 78.6

80% drip irrigation 23.6 259 91.1

60% drip irrigation 19.6 199 98.4

100% surface irrigation 18.2 319 57.1

CD(0.05) 1.26 - -

Pardhan et al. (2013)

Bhunaneshwar 71
7171
Categorization of potato tubers under different methods
of Irrigation

1 1
2 2
3 3
A 67%
B 23% A 64%
C 10% B 13%
C 23%

Drip irrigation Furrow irrigation

1

A grade (>50g) Mandeep et al. (2005)

B grade(20-50g) Ludhiana 72
72
72
C grade (<20g)
Effect of methods of irrigation on seed yield and quality of
onion cultivar

Surface Drip
Methods of irrigation t' value
irrigation irrigation
No. of umbels/plant 10.94 15.09 4.77*
Seed yield/umbel (g) 4.03 6.27 14.63**
Seed yield/plant (g) 44.08 94.61 43.92**
Seed yield (kg/ha) 648.94 894.67 16.29**
1000 Seed weight (g) 3.60 3.93 22.52**
Germination(%) 79.75 92.13 4.18**
Seed vigour index 663.71 876.49 6.18*

*significant at 5 % Tomar et al. (2004)

** significant at 1 %
New Delhi 73
73
Yield parameters of brinjal as influenced by drip and surface
irrigation in saline soils

Treatments Fruit weight (g) Fruit yield (t/ha)

Drip irrigation (water with EC 2.2 ds /m )
0.8 ET 35.7 19.5
1.0 ET 34.9 21.1
1.2 ET 36.7 26.2
1.4 ET 36.5 24.6
Surface irrigation (water with EC 0.2 ds /m )
1.0 ET 30.1 15.7
1.2 ET 33.3 17.9
1.4 ET 32.0 16.4
CD at 5% 2.4 2.6

Manjunatha et al. (2004) 74

7474
Gangavati (Karnataka)
Effect of methods & levels of irrigation on yield of some
crops
Treatments Yield (t/ha)
Irrigation
method Chilly Cauliflower Sunflower Maize Potato
IW/CPE Ratio

Drip 0.50 21.91 23.55 2.83 3.11 25.32

Drip 0.75 20.11 23.50 2.83 3.10 25.13

Drip 1.00 18.85 23.03 2.64 2.87 25.54

Surface 16.96 17.07 2.53 2.60 24.96

irrigation
CD at 5% 0.75 2.01 0.12 NS NS

Singh (2006)
75
7575
Ludhiana
Effect of irrigation levels and methods on
cabbage yield
Head Weight (kg)

0.88
0.8
0.74
0.68
0.56

T1 (100%)Drip T2 (80%)Drip T3 (60%)Drip T4 (40%)Drip T5 (Control SI)

Dubey et al. (2004 )

Raipur 76
76
Effect of irrigation regime and methods on yield and quality
parameters of Sugar beet

Sucrose
Root Yield Sucrose
Treatments accumulation
(t/ha) yield (%)
(t/ha)
Control dry 40.2e 8.6d 82.6a
Sprinkler 50%ET 49.2d 7.9e 83.6a
Sprinkler 100%ET 58.6c 9.3c 82.8a
Drip 50%ET 63.1c 10.6bc 84.0a
Drip75%ET 69.6b 11.1b 82.7a
Drip 100%ET 78.7a 12.3a 83.4a

Tognetti et al. (2003)

Pisa, Italy 77
77
Effect of methods of irrigation on yield and quality parameters
of tomato

Method of Ascorbic TSS pH Fruit size Yield WUE

irrigation & acid (0Brix) (cm3) (q/ha) (t/ha-
IW/CPE ratio (mg/100g) cm)

Drip 1.0 29.90 4.64 4.18 66.11 60.48 0.83

Drip 0.8 29.61 4.67 4.23 74.44 68.09 1.19

Drip 0.6 29.61 4.70 4.31 63.38 40.72 0.88

Furrow 27.10 3.70 4.15 63.00 38.00 0.64

CD at 5% - - - - 1.30 -

Kadale et al. (2002)

Ludhiana 78
78
 Topic name
• Long term effect of fertilizers, organics and
amendments on soil health sustenance, crop
productivity and quality of produce.

79
79
Comparison of subsurface drip irrigation vs.
flood irrigation system in sugarcane

Parameters Subsurface Drip Flood Irrigation

Irrigation

Yield (t/ha) 80.4 105.4

Juice extraction (%) 55.1 73.1

Juice purity (%) 74.7 81.9

Hussain et al. 2010

Gujrat 80
80
80
Comparison of Conventional and Micro-irrigation
Systems in Sugarcane

180

160

140

120

100 Coimbatore
Pune
80
Nasik
60

40

20

0
Furrow Surface drip Sub-surface drip
Cane yield (t/ha)

Shekinah and Rakkiyappan (2011)

Coimbatore 81
81
 Topic name
• Long term effect of fertilizers, organics and
amendments on soil health sustenance, crop
productivity and quality of produce.

82
82
Effect of drip irrigation and fertigation levels on growth and
yield of gerbera under polyhouse conditions

• The experiment was conducted in fan-pad polyhouse with three irrigation

levels viz., 0.80, 0.60 and 0.40 PE (pan evaporation) and
three fertigation levels viz., 120, 100 and 80 per cent recommended dose
(RD) to determine suitable irrigation level and fertigation dose
for gerbera under polyhouse cultivation.

• It was observed that the stalk thickness, length and number

of flowers plant-1 year-1 were maximum in 0.40 PE level of irrigation and
80 per cent R.D. of fertigation.

Firake et al. (2012)

Rahuri 83
83
Falliing
water Drip irrigation has the
table
potential to address the
problems of falling water
table, water logging and
salinity. It checks the
wasteful withdrawal of water.
It controls excessive seepage
and the resultant water
logging.
The diverse physiography, size of
population, economically weak
Water
logging farmers and types of crops grown
limit its rapid spread and to a
great extent acts as a hurdle in
achieving a hundred percent
utilization of its potential in the
country.

Proper assessment and identification of

The goal of the potential a country holds and the
adoption of drip major areas of challenges if addressed
irrigation in a big successfully would revolutionize the
irrigation practice by saving wastage of
way in India is not over 50 percent of water every year
as easy as it Erosion along with increasing the output. This
seems, it is full of Salinity would go a long way towards the goal of
ensuring food security and saving the
constraints and scarce water resource.
challenges.
84
 Conclusions
 Drip Irrigation enhances the yield of cereals, fruit crops, vegetable crops,
flower crops and cash crops as fertilizer and irrigation water is applied more
uniformly around the root zone which favours the better uptake and
increases the yield significantly.

 In high water requirement crops such as sugarcane, wheat etc. this irrigation
practice is not economical.

 Drip irrigation also enhances the quality of crop i.e. reducing pomegranate
cracking, increasing fruit size in tomato, enhancing sucrose content in
sugarcane, increasing quality of potato tubers etc.

 A major hurdle in the adoption of this practice is the high initial cost which
discourages small and medium farmers from adopting this.
85
85
 86
86
It seems that drip irrigation holds potential
for future agriculture!!!!!

87
87
88