Wireless Communications

And mobile computing

 Outline

 Introduction
 History wireless communications
 Types of services
 wireless vs mobile
 Strength and weaknesses
 Applications
 Introduction

 Mobile computing systems are computing

systems that may be easily moved physically
and whose computing capabilities may be
used while they are being moved.
 Examples are laptops, personal digital
assistants (PDAs), and mobile phones
 Introduction…

 Wireless communication involves the

process of sending/reciving information
through invisible waves in the air.
Information such as text, voice, and video
are carried through the radio frequency of
the electromagnetic spectrum.
 Introduction…
 Wireless communications is one of the
biggest engineering success
 market size dominating the whole economy
 e.g + 4 billion GSM subscribers of the world

 Working habits, have been changed

“anywhere, anytime.”
 mobility of workers have increased
 Introduction …

 large number of applications have been

developed,
 Wireless sensor networks monitor factories,
 wireless links replace the cables between computers
and keyboards, mouse and other peripheral devices
 wireless positioning systems monitor the location of
trucks
 This variety of new applications causes the
technical challenges for the wireless engineers
to become bigger with each day.
 Types of Services
 Broadcast
 The first wireless service was broadcast radio.
 Properties
 information is only sent in one direction
 transmitted information is the same for all users.
 information is transmitted continuously.
 Simple
 Transmitter does not need to have any knowledge or
consideration about the receivers
 Simplex
 No. of users does not matter
 Paging
 unidirectional wireless communications systems.
 Properties
 user can only receive information, but cannot transmit.
 The information is intended for, and received by, only a
single user.
 The amount of transmitted information is very small.
 used by..doctors , police allowing them to react to
emergencies in shorter time.
 better area coverage
 Cellular Telephony
 most important form of wireless
communications.
 Properties
 information flow is bidirectional.(full duplex)
 Trunking radio
 there is no connection between the wireless system and the PSTN;
 it allows the communications of closed user groups.
 Obvious applications include police departments, fire departments,
taxis, and similar
 Services
 Group calls: several users simultaneously, or several conference call
between multiple users of the system.
 Call priorities: enable the prioritization of calls and allow dropping a
low-priority call in favor of a high-priority one.
 Relay networks: the range of the network can be extended by using
each Mobile Station (MS) as a relay station for other MSs .
 Cordless telephony
 describes a wireless link between a handset and a BS that is directly connected
to the public telephone system.
 main difference from a cellphone
 is associated with, and can communicate with, only a single BS
 thus no mobile switching center; rather, the BS is directly connected to the
PSTN.
 Properties
 no need to find out the location of the MS. Similarly, there is no need to
providefor handover between different BSs.
 There is no central system, there is no need for (and no possibility for)
frequency planning.
 there are no network operators that can charge fees for connections from the MS
to the BS; rather, the only occurring fees are the fees from the BS into the PSTN.
 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
 very similar to that of cordless phones
 connecting a single mobile user device to a public
landline system. Laptop -to-Internet.
 main advantage is convenience for the user, allowing
mobility.
 WLANs can even be used for connecting fixed-
location computers (desktops)
 A major difference between wireless LANs and
cordless phones is the required data rate
 Cordless 64kbps more than 700kbps for wLAN
 a number of standards have been developed for WLAN, all of which
carry the identifier IEEE 802.11.
 The original IEEE 802.11 standard 1Mbit/s,
 the very popular 802.11b standard (also known under the name
WiFi) allows up to 11Mbit/s and the 802.11a standard extends that
to 55Mbit/s.
 Even higher rates are realized by the 802.11n standard that was
introduced in 2008/2009.
 WLAN devices can, in principle, connect to any BS (access point)
that uses the same standard.
 Personal area network(PAN)
 coverage area even smaller than that of WLANs,
 number of standards for PANs have been developed by
the IEEE 802.15 group
 intended for simple “cable replacement” duties.
 For example, Bluetooth standard allow to connect a
hands-free headset to a phone without requiring a cable;
in that case, the distance between the two devices is less
than a meter.
 In such applications, data rates are fairly low (<1Mbit/s).
 PAN…
 Recently, wireless communications between (DVD
player to TV), between computer and peripheral devices
(printer, mouse), and similar applications have gained
importance . data rates in excess of 100Mbit/s are used.
 Networks for even smaller distances like Body Area
Networks (BANs), which enable communications
between devices located on various parts of a user’s
body. monitoring of patients’ health and of medical
devices(e.g., pacemakers).
 Services…
 Fixed Wireless Access
 essentially replacing a dedicated cable connection
between the user and the public landline system.
 no mobility of the user devices
 the distances bridged by fixed wireless access devices
are much larger (between 100m and several tens of
kilometers).
 its main market for covering rural areas, and for
establishing connections in developing countries that do
not have any wired infrastructure in place.
 Services..
 Ad hoc Networks and Sensor Networks
 Up to now, we have dealt with “infrastructure-based” wireless
communications,
 where certain components (base stations, TV transmitters, etc.) are
intended by design to be in a fixed location, to control over the network
and interface with other networks.
 an alternative in which there is only one type of equipment, and
those devices, all of which may be mobile, organize themselves into
a network according to their location and according to necessity.
Such networks are called ad hoc networks
 There can still be “controllers” in an ad hoc network, but the choice
of which device acts as master and which as slave is done
opportunistically whenever a network is formed.
 The advantages of ad hoc networks
 low costs (because no infrastructure is required), high flexibility.
 The drawbacks
 reduced efficiency, smaller communication range, and restrictions on
the number of devices that can be included in a network.
 Ad hoc networks play a major role in the recent abundance of
sensor networks, which allow communications between machines
for the purpose of building control (controlling air conditioning,
lighting, etc., based on sensor data), factory automation,
surveillance, etc.
 Satellite Systems

 Cover very large areas

 Distance several hundred kilometers
 the transmit powers need to be larger,
 high-gain antennas need to be used
 communications from within buildings is almost impossible
 costs of setting up a satellite – are much higher
 Global Positioning System (GPS) use growing
 Satellite signals used to pinpoint location
 Popular in cell phones, PDAs, and navigation devices
Is wireless mobile?
or
Is mobile wireless?
 A communication device can exhibit any one of the following
characteristics:
 Fixed and wired
 Example the typical desktop computer in an office. Neither
weight nor power consumption of the devices allow for mobile
usage. The devices use fixed networks for performance reasons.
 Mobile and wired:
 Many of yesterday’s laptops fall into this category; users carry
the laptop from one hotel to the next, reconnecting to the
company’s network via the telephone network and a modem.
 Fixed and wireless:
 This mode is used for installing networks, e.g., in
historical buildings to avoid damage by installing wires, or
at trade shows to ensure fast network setup.
 Mobile and wireless:
 This is the most interesting case. No cable restricts the
user, who can roam between different wireless networks.
Most technologies discussed in this course deal with this
type of device and the networks supporting them.
 Today’s most successful example for this category is GSM
with more than 4 Billion users.
 Next class
 Today
 Revise different types of services
 Requirements for the services
 Economic and social aspects
 Applications
 Service ?
 Broadcast
 What are the different
 Paging
types of wireless
services that we have  Cellular Telephony
seen on the previous  Trunking Radio
class?  Cordless Telephony
 Wireless LAN,PAN,BAN
 Fixed wireless access
 Ad hoc and sensor Nets
 Satellite services
 Revise different types of services
 Requirements for the services
 Economic and social aspects
 Applications
 Requirements..

 Data rate
 Different applications
 Range & no of users
have different
requirements  Mobility
 Energy consumption
 Use of spectrum
 Direction of transmissions
 Service Quality
 Requirements…
 Data rate : fewer bits/sec upto gigabits/sec
 Sensor networks: ~ 1kbits/s
 Temperature, speed ….
 Speech communications: 5- 64kbits/s
 Cordless, Cellular telephony
 Elementary data service : 10-100kbits/s
 2G\2.5G cellular data service.
 Communication between computer peripherals
 1Mbits/sec, mouse, key board…..
 High speed data: 0.5-100Mbits/s
 WLAN , 3G cellular
 PAN : 100Mbits/s
 Entertainment systems TV, DVD,Game, PC
 Requirements…

 Range & no of users

 BAN ~1M
 PAN ~10M
 WLAN : few hundred Meter
 Cellular : 10-50Km
 Fixed wirless:5-10km
 Satellite systems: 1000km- 36,000km
Data rate Vs Range
 Requirements…

 Mobility
 Fixed devices
 Nomadic: Certain place for certain time(min/hrs)
 Laptops
 Low mobility: Pedestrian speed
 Cordless telephone
 High Mobility :30-150km/h
 Vehicle
 Extreme high mobility:300-1000km/hr
 High speed trains, planes
Data rate Vs Mobility
 Requirements…
 Energy consumptions: critical aspect
 Rechargeable batteries
 Nomadic & mobile devices
 Standby time and operating time are critical
 Cellphone: Min 48hr standby 2hr talk time .

 One way batteries

 Sensors
 Power mains
 Base stations(BSs) and fixed devices.
 Weight of MS is determined (70-80%) by its
battery. Weight & size are critical for sales.
 Requirements...

 Use of spectrum
 Spectrum dedicated to service/operator
 Frequency controlled by operator
 Free spectrums
 Used by different service & diff operators
 ISM band 2.4GHz: Micro oven , wifi, Bluetooth,…
 Interference is managed by users
 Requirements…

 Direction of transmission
 Simplex
 Half-duplex
 Full duplex
 Asymmetric duplex
 Data rate depends on the direction
 Satellite uplink & downlink
 Requirements…

 Service Quality
 Speech quality
 Mean opinion score (MOS)
 Subjective to human judgments

 Data transmission speed : bit/s

 Service quality
 Fraction of blocked calls + 10 * fraction of
dropped calls (cellular)
 Admissible delay(latency)
 Voice less than 100ms
 Security & safety (sensors ) – latency is vital
 Revise different types of services
 Requirements for the services
 Economic and social aspects
 Applications
Economic and social aspects

 Strength
 Social & cultural factor
 Mobile life style (Anytime Anywhere)
 Increase of social communication
 Increase revenue & productivity

 Ease of setup
 Less expensive
 Development in mobile devices(dynamic)
 Weakness and issues
 Social issue
 Privacy
 Security (easy to tap)
 Health issues (Brain cancer)
 Noise pollution ,(irritation in classroom)
 Accident (use of cellphone while driving)
 Weakness…
 Technology issues
 Lack of standards
 High cost of technology
 Quality of service
 Device limitation
 Low data rates
 Revise different types of services
 Requirements for the services
 Economic and social aspects
 Applications
 List some wireless system applications in
different areas of our life?
 At Home WiFi

satellite WiFi 802.11g/n

WiFi
UWB

bluetooth
WiFi

cellular

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 On the Move

Source: http://www.ece.uah.edu/~jovanov/whrms/ 45
 On the Road

GSM/UMTS,
cdmaOne/cdma2000,
WLAN, GPS
DAB, TETRA, ...

road condition,
weather,
location-based services,
emergency
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 Applications

 Vehicles
 Emergencies
 Business
 Agriculture
 Replacement of wired networks
 Infotainment and more
 Location dependent services
 Vehicles
 Navigation , tracking(GPS)
 Music, news, weather report (DAB)
 Collision avoidance(wireless sensors)
 Accident reporting , Traffic reporting (Ad-
hoc)
 Collision Avoidance : V2V Networks
 bland spots
 stalled vehicle
warning

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 Emergencies
 Wireless networks are the only means of
communication in the case of natural
disasters such as hurricanes or earthquakes.
(wireless ad-hoc networks)
 Accident reporting (wireless sensors)
 Ambulance high-quality wireless connection
 Business
 Traveling salesman/employee
 having instant access to the company’s
database: to ensure that files on his or her
laptop reflect the current situation,
 Business anytime anywhere mobile office,
 Agriculture and Natural Resources
 Animal tracking and identification.
 Monitoring water or flood levels.
 Monitor crop health, rainfall, temperature and
other meterological data.
 Track shipments of perishable crops and crop
inputs
 Replacement of wired networks
 remote sensors for weather forecasts,
earthquake detection, or to provide
environmental information
 for tradeshows, or in historic buildings.
 Infotainment
 provide up-to-date information at any
appropriate location.
 Internet everywhere? Not without wireless
networks!
 entertainment and games to enable, e.g., ad-
hoc gaming networks as soon as people meet
to play together.
 Location dependent services
 Follow-on services: Wherever you are, service
and information will follow you

 Location aware services:

Future Wireless Networks
Ubiquitous Communication Among People and Devices

Next-generation Cellular
Wireless Internet Access
Wireless Multimedia
Sensor Networks
Smart Homes/Spaces
Automated Highways
In-Body Networks
All this and more …
 Home work

 Read the article:

“The computer for the 21st century”
by Mark weiser
 Mobile computing
 Example: IntelliDrive (Vehicle
Infrastructure Integration)
 Traffic crashes resulted in
more than 41,000 lives lost in
2007
 Establishing vehicle-to-vehicle
(V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure
(V2I) and vehicle-to-hand-
held-devices (V2D)
communications
 safety: e.g., intersection collision
avoidance/violation warning/turn
conflict warning, curve warning
 mobility: e.g., crash data,
weather/road surface data,
construction zones, emergency
vehicle signal pre-emption
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More info: http://www.its.dot.gov/intellidrive/index.htm
 Collision Avoidance at Intersections

 Two million
accidents at
intersections
per year in US

Source: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/tfhrc/safety/pubs/its/ruralitsandrd/tb-intercollision.pdf

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 Disaster Recovery/Military
 9/11, Tsunami, Hurricane Katrina,
South Asian earthquake …
 Wireless communication and
mobile computing capability
can make a difference http://www.att.com/ndr/

between life and death !

 rapid deployment
 efficient resource and energy usage
 flexible: unicast, broadcast, multicast, anycast
 resilient: survive in unfavorable and untrusted61
 Habitat Monitoring: Example on
Great Duck Island
A 15-minute human visit leads to 20% Patch
offspring mortality Network

Gateway

Transit Network

Basestation

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