Basic BGP Review

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 Border Gateway Protocol

• Routing Protocol used to exchange routing

information between networks
exterior gateway protocol
• RFC1771
work in progress to update
draft-ietf-idr-bgp4-17.txt
• Currently Version 4
• Runs over TCP

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 BGP

• Path Vector Protocol

• Incremental Updates
• Many options for policy enforcement
• Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR)
• Widely used for Internet backbone
• Autonomous systems

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 Path Vector Protocol

• BGP is classified as a path vector routing

protocol (see RFC 1322)
A path vector protocol defines a route as a
pairing between a destination and the
attributes of the path to that destination.

12.6.126.0/24 207.126.96.43 1021 0 6461 7018 6337 11268 i

AS Path
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 AS-Path

• Sequence of ASes a
AS 200 AS 100
route has traversed 170.10.0.0/16 180.10.0.0/16

• Loop detection 180.10.0.0/16 300 200 100

170.10.0.0/16 300 200
• Apply policy AS 300
AS 400
150.10.0.0/16

180.10.0.0/16 300 200 100

AS 500 170.10.0.0/16 300 200
150.10.0.0/16 300 400

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 AS-Path loop detection

AS 200 AS 100
170.10.0.0/16 180.10.0.0/16

140.10.0.0/16 500 300

170.10.0.0/16 500 300 200
AS 300
140.10.0.0/16
180.10.0.0/16 is not announced
AS 500 to AS100 as AS500 sees that it
is originated from AS100, and
that AS100 is the neighbouring
180.10.0.0/16 300 200 100 AS – loop detection in action
170.10.0.0/16 300 200
140.10.0.0/16 300

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 Autonomous System (AS)

AS 100

• Collection of networks with same routing policy

• Single routing protocol
• Usually under single ownership, trust and
administrative control

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 BGP Basics

Peering

A C

AS 100 AS 101
B D

E
BGP speakers are
AS 102
called peers

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 BGP General Operation

• Learns multiple paths via internal

and external BGP speakers
• Picks the best path and installs in
the forwarding table
• Policies applied by influencing the
best path selection

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 External BGP Peering (eBGP)

AS 100 AS 101
C

• Between BGP speakers in different AS

• Should be directly connected
• Do not run an IGP between eBGP peers
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 Internal BGP Peering (iBGP)

AS 100
D
A
B

E
• Topology independent
• Each iBGP speaker must peer with
every other iBGP speaker in the AS

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 Internal BGP (iBGP)

• BGP peer within the same AS

• Not required to be directly connected
• iBGP speakers need to be fully meshed
they originate connected networks
they do not pass on prefixes learned from
other iBGP speakers

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 BGP Attributes

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 What Is an Attribute?

... Next AS ... ...

MED
Hop Path

• Describes the characteristics of prefix

• Transitive or non-transitive
• Some are mandatory

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 AS-Path

• Sequence of ASes a
AS 200 AS 100
route has traversed 170.10.0.0/16 180.10.0.0/16

• Loop detection 180.10.0.0/16 300 200 100

170.10.0.0/16 300 200
• Apply policy AS 300
AS 400
150.10.0.0/16

180.10.0.0/16 300 200 100

AS 500 170.10.0.0/16 300 200
150.10.0.0/16 300 400

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 Next Hop

150.10.1.1 150.10.1.2

AS 200
A B AS 300
150.10.0.0/16

150.10.0.0/16 150.10.1.1
160.10.0.0/16 150.10.1.1

AS 100 • Next hop to reach a network

160.10.0.0/16
• Usually a local network is the
next hop in eBGP session
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20
 Next Hop (continued)

• IGP should carry route to next hops

• Recursive route look-up
• Unlinks BGP from actual physical
topology
• Allows IGP to make intelligent forwarding
decision

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 Local Preference

AS 100
160.10.0.0/16

AS 200 AS 300

D 500 800 E

A B
160.10.0.0/16 500
AS 400
> 160.10.0.0/16 800
C

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 Local Preference

• Local to an AS – non-transitive
local preference set to 100 when heard from
neighbouring AS
• Used to influence BGP path selection
determines best path for outbound traffic
• Path with highest local preference wins

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 Multi-Exit Discriminator (MED)

AS 200

192.68.1.0/24 2000 192.68.1.0/24 1000

A B
192.68.1.0/24

AS 201
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 Multi-Exit Discriminator

• Inter-AS – non-transitive
metric reset to 0 on announcement to next AS

• Used to convey the relative preference of entry

points
determines best path for inbound traffic

• Comparable if paths are from same AS

• IGP metric can be conveyed as MED

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 MED & IGP Metric

• set metric-type internal

enable BGP to advertise a MED which
corresponds to the IGP metric values
changes are monitored (and re-advertised if
needed) every 600s
bgp dynamic-med-interval <secs>

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 Community

• BGP attribute
• Used to group destinations
• Represented as two 16bit integers
• Each destination could be member of multiple
communities
• Community attribute carried across AS’s
• Useful in applying policies

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 Community

ISP 2
160.10.0.0/16 300:1
170.10.0.0/16 300:1
X
200.10.0.0/16 AS 400
E
200.10.0.0/16 300:9
D ISP 1
AS 300
160.10.0.0/16 300:1 C 170.10.0.0/16 300:1

A B
AS 100 AS 200
160.10.0.0/16 170.10.0.0/16

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