HC110110035 MPLS Basic Principle

MPLS Basic Principle
Copyright © 2019 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Foreword
 The course introduces the MPLS architecture that contains two planes,
MPLS encapsulation mode and label format. The process of MPLS data
forwarding is the key point of the course.
Page 2 Copyright © 2019 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Describe the background and typical applications of MPLS.
 Describe the basic concepts and working principles of MPLS.
 Describe the process of MPLS data forwarding.
Contents
1. MPLS Overview
2. MPLS Basic Principle
Traditional IP forwarding
Network Nexthop Network Nexthop Network Nexthop Network Nexthop
10.1.0.0/24 10.1.0.2 10.1.0.0/24 10.1.1.1 10.1.0.0/24 10.1.1.5 10.1.0.0/24 10.1.1.9
10.1.0.1/32 10.1.0.1 10.1.1.0/30 10.1.1.2 10.1.1.0/30 10.1.1.5 10.1.1.0/30 10.1.1.9
10.1.1.0/30 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.1/32 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.4/30 10.1.1.6 10.1.1.4/30 10.1.1.9
10.1.1.2/32 10.1.1.2 10.1.1.4/30 10.1.1.5 10.1.1.5/32 10.1.1.5 10.1.1.8/30 10.1.1.10
10.1.1.4/30 10.1.1.2 10.1.1.6/32 10.1.1.6 10.1.1.8/30 10.1.1.9 10.1.1.9/32 10.1.1.9
10.1.1.8/30 10.1.1.2 10.1.1.8/30 10.1.1.6 10.1.1.10/32 10.1.1.10 10.2.0.0/24 10.2.0.2
10.2.0.0/24 10.1.1.2 10.2.0.0/24 10.1.1.6 10.2.0.0/24 10.1.1.10 10.2.0.1/32 10.2.0.1
RTA RTB RTC RTD

s0 s0 s3 s2 s3 s3
10.2.0.1 Data
.1 10.1.1.0/30 .2 .5 10.1.1.4/30 .6 .9 10.1.1.8/30 .10
.2
10.2.0.0/30
10.1.0.0/30
.2 .1
.1
10.1.0.0/24 10.2.0.0/24
ATM cell forwarding
8/62
ATM
Port1
Networking
Port3 6/59
Port2
ATM switch
table
In Out
port VPI/VCI port VPI/VCI
1 4/55 3 8/62
2 5/58 3 6/59
3 8/62 1 4/55
3 6/59 2 5/58
MPLS label forwarding
IP IP IP
1024 Data 1029 Data 1039 Data
Header Header Header
1.1.1.1/32
RTA RTB RTC RTD
s0 s0 s3 s2 s3 s3
.1 10.1.1.0/30 .2 .5 10.1.1.4/30 .6 .9 10.1.1.8/30 .10
Header
Header
IP
IP
MPLS Domain
Data
Data
10.1.0.0/24 10.2.0.0/24
MPLS Header Data IP

Header
MPLS VPN Application
VPNA VPNA
CE CE
PE P P PE
VPNB VPNB
CE CE
CE PE P P PE
CE
VPNA VPNA
CE MPLS Domain CE
VPNB VPNB
MPLS TE Application
Network A
RTC
70% Traffic
RTA
30% Traffic GE GE
RTB RTD RTE
RTF
FE FE
70% Traffic
30% Traffic FE Network C

RTG RTH
Network B
Contents
1. MPLS Overview

2.1 MPLS control plane and forwarding plane
2.2 MPLS Label Format
2.3 MPLS Forwarding Process
MPLS network model
RTF RTG
IP IP IP
1024 Data 1029 Data 1039 Data
RTA RTB RTC RTD
LSP
LER
LER
Header
Header
LSR
IP
IP
RTE
Data
Data
MPLS Domain
LER Label Edge Router

IP Network IP Network
LSR Label Switch Router
LSP Label Switch Path
MPLS control plane and forwarding plane
Routing Protocol
Control plane
IP Routing Table
Label Distribution
Protocol
Data plane
Incoming IP Forwarding Table Outgoing

IP packets IP packets
Incoming Label Forwarding Table Outgoing

labeled packets labeled packets
Contents
1. MPLS Overview

Frame mode MPLS
 MPLS has two encapsulation modes: Frame mode and cell mode (ATM uses
the MPLS cell encapsulation mode, which is not involved in this course). In
frame encapsulation mode, an MPLS label header is added between the
Layer 2 header and Layer 3 header of a packet. Ethernet and PPP use this
encapsulation mode.
Frame
IP Header Payload
Header
Layer 2 frame format
Frame MPLS
IP Header Payload
Header Header
MPLS frame mode encapsulation
MPLS Header
LABEL EXP S TTL
0 19 20 22 23 24 31
 The total length of MPLS header is 4bytes (32bits)
 The length of Label field is 20bits
 The length of EXP（Experimental Use）field is 3bits
 The length of S（Bottom of Stack）field is1bit
 The length of TTL field is 8bits
MPLS Label Nesting
Frame
Label 1 Label 2 Label 3 IP Header Payload
Header
PID=MPLS-IP
S=1
S=0 S=0
 PID indicates the types of packet follows Frame Header

 Ethernet: 0x8100=IPv4, 0x8847=Unicast MPLS packet, 0x8848=Multicast MPLS packet
 PPP: 0x8021=IPv4, 0x8281=Unicast MPLS packet, 0x8283=Multicast MPLS packet
 S indicates whether it is the last label
 Applications of label nesting

 MPLS VPN
 MPLS TE
Contents
1. MPLS Overview

FEC and NHLFE
 FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class) is a set of data flows with certain
common characteristics. These data flows are processed by the LSR in the
same way during the forwarding process.
 FEC can be classified based on the address, service type, and QoS. For
example, in the traditional IP forwarding that uses the longest matching
algorithm, all packets to the same route are an FEC.
 NHLFE（Next Hop Label Forwarding Entry）：The NHLFE is used for label forwarding. It
contains the following basic information:
 Next hop of the packet
 How to perform a tag operation (including pushing a new tag, popping a tag, and swapping the original tag with
a new tag).
 The NHLFE may also contain other information, such as the link layer encapsulation used for sending packets.
Example of FEC and NHLFE
 FEC：Forwarding Equivalence Classes
 NHLFE：Next Hop Label Forwarding Entry
<RTA>display mpls lsp include 10.2.0.0 24 verbose

---------------------------------------------------
LSP Information: LDP LSP
---------------------------------------------------
No : 1
VrfIndex :
Fec : 10.2.0.0/24
Nexthop : 10.1.1.2
In-Label : NULL
Out-Label : 1030
In-Interface : ----------
Out-Interface : Serial0
LspIndex : 10249
Token : 0x22005
LsrType : Ingress
Outgoing token : 0x0
Label Operation : PUSH
Mpls-Mtu : 1500
TimeStamp : 822sec
MPLS Forwarding－Ingress LER（RTA）
IP
1030 Data
Header
1.1.1.1/32
RTA RTB RTC RTD
s0 s0 s3 s2 s3 s3
.1 10.1.1.0/30 .2 .5 10.1.1.4/30 .6 .9 10.1.1.8/30 .10
10.2.0.1 Data
.2
10.2.0.0/30
.2
10.1.0.0/30
MPLS Domain
.1
.1
10.1.0.0/24 10.2.0.0/24
NHLFE
FEC
NextHop Out Interface Label Operation Others
10.2.0.0 10.1.1.2 Serial0 Push ……
MPLS Forwarding－LSR（RTB）
 On the transit node, the ILM(Incoming Label Map) table and NHLFE table
are queried to guide MPLS packet forwarding.
IP IP
1030 Data 1030 Data
Header Header
1.1.1.1/32 RTA RTB RTC RTD

s0 s0 s3 s2 s3 s3
.1 10.1.1.0/30 .2 .5 10.1.1.4/30 .6 .9 10.1.1.8/30 .10
10.2.0.1 Data
.2
10.2.0.0/30
.2
10.1.0.0/30
MPLS Domain
.1
.1
10.1.0.0/24 10.2.0.0/24
NHLFE
InLabel
1030 10.1.1.6 Serial3 SWAP ……

MPLS Forwarding－LSR（RTC）
 On the transit node, the ILM(Incoming Label Map) table and NHLFE table
are queried to guide MPLS packet forwarding.
IP IP IP
1030 Data 1030 Data 1032
1030 Data
1.1.1.1/32 RTA RTB RTC RTD

s0 s0 s3 s2 s3 s3
.1 10.1.1.0/30 .2 .5 10.1.1.4/30 .6 .9 10.1.1.8/30 .10
10.2.0.1 Data
.2
10.2.0.0/30
.2
10.1.0.0/30
MPLS Domain
.1
.1
10.1.0.0/24 10.2.0.0/24
NHLFE
InLabel
1030 10.1.1.10 Serial3 SWAP ……

MPLS Forwarding－ Egress LER （RTD）
 On the egress node, the ILM table is queried to guide MPLS packet
forwarding.
1030 10.2.0.1 Data 1030 10.2.0.1 Data 1032
1030 10.2.0.1 Data 1032 10.2.0.1 Data
RTA RTB RTC RTD

1.1.1.1/32
s0 s0 s3 s2 s3 s3
.1 10.1.1.0/30 .2 .5 10.1.1.4/30 .6 .9 10.1.1.8/30 .10
10.2.0.1 Data
10.2.0.1 Data
.2
10.2.0.0/30
.2
10.1.0.0/30
MPLS Domain
.1
.1
10.1.0.0/24 10.2.0.0/24
NHLFE
InLabel
1032 10.2.0.2 -------- POP ……

Quiz
1. Which field in the MPLS header is used to identify the stack bottom label ? ( )
A. Label
B. EXP
C. S
D. TTL
2. Which of the following actions can be performed when packets are forwarded
based on MPLS labels? ( )
A. Push
B. Pop
C. Swap
D. Switch
Summary
 Background of MPLS
 Basic Concepts of MPLS
 MPLS packet format
 MPLS Forwarding Principle
Thank You
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MPLS Basic Principle

Copyright © 2019 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 Describe the basic concepts and working principles of MPLS.

 Describe the process of MPLS data forwarding.

2. MPLS Basic Principle

10.1.0.0/24 10.1.0.2 10.1.0.0/24 10.1.1.1 10.1.0.0/24 10.1.1.5 10.1.0.0/24 10.1.1.9

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10.1.1.8/30 10.1.1.2 10.1.1.8/30 10.1.1.6 10.1.1.10/32 10.1.1.10 10.2.0.0/24 10.2.0.2

10.2.0.0/24 10.1.1.2 10.2.0.0/24 10.1.1.6 10.2.0.0/24 10.1.1.10 10.2.0.1/32 10.2.0.1

RTA RTB RTC RTD

.1 10.1.1.0/30 .2 .5 10.1.1.4/30 .6 .9 10.1.1.8/30 .10

MPLS Header Data IP

RTB RTD RTE

30% Traffic FE Network C

2. MPLS Basic Principle

2.2 MPLS Label Format

2.3 MPLS Forwarding Process

LER Label Edge Router

Incoming IP Forwarding Table Outgoing

Incoming Label Forwarding Table Outgoing

2. MPLS Basic Principle

2.2 MPLS Label Format

2.3 MPLS Forwarding Process

Layer 2 frame format

MPLS frame mode encapsulation

LABEL EXP S TTL

 The total length of MPLS header is 4bytes (32bits)

 The length of Label field is 20bits

 The length of EXP（Experimental Use）field is 3bits

 The length of S（Bottom of Stack）field is1bit

 The length of TTL field is 8bits

 PID indicates the types of packet follows Frame Header

 PPP: 0x8021=IPv4, 0x8281=Unicast MPLS packet, 0x8283=Multicast MPLS packet

 S indicates whether it is the last label

 Applications of label nesting

2. MPLS Basic Principle

2.2 MPLS Label Format

2.3 MPLS Forwarding Process

<RTA>display mpls lsp include 10.2.0.0 24 verbose

10.2.0.0 10.1.1.2 Serial0 Push ……

1.1.1.1/32 RTA RTB RTC RTD

1030 10.1.1.6 Serial3 SWAP ……

1.1.1.1/32 RTA RTB RTC RTD

1030 10.1.1.10 Serial3 SWAP ……

RTA RTB RTC RTD

1032 10.2.0.2 -------- POP ……

 Basic Concepts of MPLS

 MPLS packet format

 MPLS Forwarding Principle

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