Temperature

Measurement
Programmable Logic
Control
Pressure
Measurement

SCADA
Tank gauging
Measurement
Profi – Bus
DCS
ASI Protocol Flow
Measurement
Pressure
Te m p e r a t u r e
Ta n k G a u g i n g
Measurement

Flow
Metering Systems
Pressure
 Pressure - Definition

Pressure is the FORCE per Unit AREA

F
P   gh
A

Pressure is Directly proportional to the Material (Liquid – Gas)

Density & Height in the Storage Container

 Pressure - Definition

Pressure Measurement
WHY ?? HOW

Pressure
Pressure is measured for Measuring Device
the following:

Level Pressure Pressure

Transducer Transmitter
Flow Element that Element that
converts the converts the
pressure into
Checks Mechanical
value to
4-20mA
Electric Signal
Value
 Pressure - Definition

Pressure
REFRENCEs

Absolute Gage Differential

 Pressure - Indicators

Pressure
Indicators

Bourdon Diaphragm
Tube Gage

Pigtail
Siphon
 Pressure - Indicators

Bourdon
Tu b e
Consist of a Bent Oval Tube

• One End connected to the PROCESS PRESSURE

• The other End to the Mechanism

operating the POINTER

As the pressure
increase the Tube tend
to become CIRCULAR
from OVAL

This movement is
detected by the
POINTER MECHANISM
 Pressure - Indicators

NO PRESSURE
Diaphragm
G a g e
The Diaphragm is EXPOSED to the DIAPHRAGM NO PRESSURE

PROCES RESSURE

This will make the Diaphragm to 15 psig

BEND Over

This bending is detected by the pointer DIAPHRAGM 15 psig

mechanism which detects the pressure PROCESS

PRESSURE

Diaphragm

PRESSURE
 Pressure - Indicators

P i g - Ta i l
Siphon
This INDICATOR usually used in measuring the STEAM Pressure

The Oval Path is for:

• Condensing the vapor

to insure that the steam
wont reach the measuring
Element.

• Isolating the HOT VAPORS

from the measuring
elements
 Pressure - Switch

Pressure
Switch

Monitoring Take Action due to the

Pressure Measured Pressure
 Pressure - Switch

Pressure Pressure Measuring Device Element

Consist of
Switch Electrical System or Contact

WHEN
The Pressure reaches a certain Limit  the Switch sends an Electrical Signal
indicating that the Pressure reached a certain Limit.

WHY ??
This Electrical Signal is sent to a RELAY or PLC input to START/STOP an operating
Equipment ( PUMP – ALARM – VALVE – PROCESS )

PRESSURE RELAY ELECTRIC

SWITCH SOURCES

ELECTRIC
EQUIPMENT
PROCESS
I.O. PUMP
PRESSURE
ANNUNCIATOR
 P r e s s u r e - Tr a n s m i t t e r

Pressure
Transmitter

Capacitance Piezoelectric

Differential
 P r e s s u r e - Tr a n s m i t t e r

Capacitance
P r e s s u r e Tr a n s m i t t e r

o A
C
d
The process pressure actives 2 Diaphragms &
these 2 diaphragms acts as 2 Plate Capacitors

When the pressure occur  the diaphragm d

will bend over causing that the space (d) to
increase .

The thing will affect the capacitance

The capacitance value is measured by

electronic circuits to represent the pressure
 P r e s s u r e - Tr a n s m i t t e r

Piezoelectric
P r e s s u r e Tr a n s m i t t e r
Is a material that :
• Generates Voltage when exposed to Pressure
• Generates Pressure (Vibration) when exposed to
Voltage

The Piezoelectric Pressure Indicator

When applied to process pressure  this affect a diaphragm that apply a FORCE to
a Piezoelectric Material.

The Piezoelectric material produces a voltage corresponding to the applied force

 P r e s s u r e - Tr a n s m i t t e r

Differential
P r e s s u r e Tr a n s m i t t e r

Is a device that compares

between 2 input pressures

and sends the NET pressure

P  P1  P2
Pressure
Te m p e r a t u r e
Ta n k G a u g i n g
Measurement

Flow
Metering Systems
Te m p e r a t u r e
 Te m p e r a t u r e - D e f i n i t i o n

Units of Measurements
• Fahrenheit scale
• Celsius scale
• Kelvin (used mainly for scientific work)

Conversions
9
F  (C * )  32
5
C  K  273.15

Temperature Elements usually saved in a THERMOWELL

To protect the element – since its FRAGILE

The THERMOWELL is not required in some applications

• Internal of some EQUIPMENTS
• Bearings
 Te m p e r a t u r e - D e f i n i t i o n

Temperature
WHY Measurement HOW
??
Temperature is measured
Te m p e r a t u r e
at the following: Measuring Device

Boilers
Temperature
Transducer Temperature
Tanks Transmitter
Element that
converts the Element that
Pumps Bearings temperature converts the
into value to
Mechanical 4-20mA
… etc or Electric Signal
Value
 Te m p e r a t u r e - I n d i c a t o r s

Te m p e r a t u r e
Indicators

Resistance
Thermocouple Temperature
Detector
 Te m p e r a t u r e - I n d i c a t o r s

Thermocouple

2 Metals 2 Junctions
Immersed in a Liquid and
1 Reference Junction
Immersed in ICE or left in AIR

N
T   anV n

n 0

Advantages Disadvantages
Self Powered Non-Linear output
Shock Resistance Low Voltage
Inexpensive Require a Reference Junction
They Provide fast Response (in Seconds) LOW Sensitivity & Accuracy
 Te m p e r a t u r e - I n d i c a t o r s

Resistance
Temperature Detector

Pure Metals will produce an

Increase in Resistance
Increase in Temperature


 To 
 
R(T )  RoT q exp T 

T  Temperature Most Known Example is

PT100
Ro - To  Material Parameters ((Constants))
Material got an Electrical
ρ  = 0.5 ((Coefficient for fine tuning & calibration)) Resistance Coefficient = 100Ω
at ZERO Celsius
 Te m p e r a t u r e - I n d i c a t o r s

Resistance
Temperature Detector
How
it WORKs

2-Wire Connection 3-Wire Connection

4-Wire Connection
 Te m p e r a t u r e - I n d i c a t o r s

Resistance
Temperature Detector

Advantages Disadvantages

Most Stable
Expensive
Most Accurate
Require Current source
Sensitive
Have Limited Temperature Range
Linear
Accuracy Varies with Temperature
Require no REFERENCE

When to use ??
According to some Factors such as:

Temperature Time Accuracy Size

Very Fast Response
Ranges of: (RTD)  Frictions of Tolerance of:
Tight Places  RTD
Sec. 2 Celsius Or greater 
-200 – 500 Celsius (RTD) Thermocouple
Larger Range
Large Places 
Larger Range (Thermocouple)  Less than 2 Celsius 
Thermocouples
(Thermocouple) Sec. RTD
Pressure
Te m p e r a t u r e
Ta n k G a u g i n g
Measurement

Flow
Metering Systems
Ta n k G a u g i n g
Measurement
 Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - D e f i n i t i o n

Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t s

We deal with …

Level Measurements Temperature Measurements

Sopot
Automatic Tank Gauging
MRT
Radar Tank Gauging
MTT
 Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - AT G

Automatic TERMINAL COMP.

Ta n k G a u g i n g

DRUM
Electronics HOUSING

ELECTRONIC
Drum COMPARTMENT
Housing

XPU Consist of:

SPU
Option 1. Floating Displacer
F Power 2. Drum + Stepper Motor
B 3. Force Transducer
4. Electronics
W
 Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - AT G

Floating
Displacer
 Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - AT G

Theory
of Operation
The displacer is placed into the Container on the Liquid surface

The cable holding the displacer got a specific Tension detected & measured by the
Force Transducers

If the Liquid level go UP & DOWN

This tension differs than Specific Value

Here the Micro-Processor takes the

decision to start Rotating the Stepper
Motor Connecting to the DRUM to move
the displacer upward or downward till the
force transducer measures the specific
value

Numbers of Revolutions done by the

stepper motor is equivalent to the level
 Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - R T G

R A D A R
Ta n k G a u g i n g

Radar is an excellent technology to locate 'invisible' objects

distance of object is located using radio waves

Level measurement is distance

measurement radar technology is
adapted for accurate level measurement
inside storage tanks
 Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - R T G

Principles
of pulse Radar

Elapsed time Dt is measured

 ampl.
Time Dt = 2d / C

Example
Dt = 50 ms
d = ½ · 50·10-6 · 3·108 = 7500 m
t
Conclusion t
pulse radar is not suitable for high accuracy on short
distances
antenna

f
object

oscillator detector
t
t
t distance d
 Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - R T G

Introduction

Saab TankRadar is a powerful radar level gauge suitable for non-contact level
measurements in process tanks, storage tanks and other types of tanks.

The modular hardware and software design makes it possible to specify a

TankRadar Pro gauge that will meet your requirements.

It can be used as a stand-alone unit, or it can be connected to various control

systems.

You can integrate TankRadar Pro in your own Local Area Network (LAN).

By using the Saab TRL/2 Bus interface you can easily connect Pro gauges to a
Saab TankRadar L/2 supervisory system.
Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - R T G
 Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - R T G

Integrated
Tank Gauging System
 Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - Te m p e r a t u r e

Ta n k
Te m p e r a t u r e Temperature Measurement
Elements
Spot MRT MTT
Un

Rt Tn

R0......R11 Rt
+ low cost + aver. prod. temp. + aver. prod. temp.
+ simple & + vapour temp. + vapour temp.
reliable ++ sturdy & reliable
++ temp. profile
 Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - Te m p e r a t u r e

MTT
Construction
 Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - Te m p e r a t u r e

MT T V. S MRT

MRT MTT

± 0.5 °C ± 0.1 °C

i
level
area not measured by MRT

± 0.2 °C ± 0.1 °C
Pressure
Te m p e r a t u r e
Ta n k G a u g i n g
Measurement

Flow
Metering Systems
 Flow
Metering Systems
Turbine
Meters
 Tu r b i n e M e t e r s - C o n s t r u c t i o n

Meter
C o n st r u c t i o n

A Rotor attached to:

Bearing
&
Shaft
 Tu r b i n e M e t e r s - C o n s t r u c t i o n

Rotor
Consist of a group of Blades fixed at a
specific angle causing rotation when the
fluid stream
For

Less than 6” Larger Meters

Meter Types Types

Rimmed Rotors
Open Bladed
WHY?
made of
To increase the
PULSE resolution
Stainless Steel
by adding more
Or
detection points
Ferro Magnetic
per rotor
Material
revolution
 Tu r b i n e M e t e r s - C o n s t r u c t i o n

Bearing
is a Hard Surface Journal

Good Bearing is IMPORTANT

Why ??
Long Service Life

Good Repeatability

Good Accuracy
 Tu r b i n e M e t e r s – P u l s e C o u n t e r

Counting Pulses
Coil
Many thousands turns of fine wire
wrapped around a ferromagnetic material

The rotor rotates due to flow & the Coil + Magnet

counts the magnetic buttons & send these pluses to
the AMPLIFIER to amplify the signal…
 Tu r b i n e M e t e r s

M ete r
Performance Curve
 Tu r b i n e M e t e r s

Factors
Affecting Meter Accuracy

Cavitations  

Velocity Profile
  &
Swirl
 Tu r b i n e M e t e r s

Flow
Conditioning
 Tu r b i n e M e t e r s

Ty p i c a l
Metering Line

Pressure
Relief
Control
Valve
Turbine Valve
Inlet Outlet
Meter
Valve P T Valve

Strainer & Air

Separator

Prover
Valve
 PD
Meters
 PD Meters

Vo l u m e
Measurement Principles

PD Meters Directly Measure Volume by

Counting Rotor Revolutions

F u n c t i o n
Of Measuring Element

• Measure Liquid Volume

• Produce Torque to Drive Meter
Accessories
 PD Meters

F LO W
Profile
 PD Meters

F LO W
Profile
 PD Meters

F LO W
Profile
 PD Meters

F LO W
Profile
 PD Meters

P D M e t e r
Inner Mechanism

Rotor Gear
Shaft
Extended
Blade
Retracting
Blade

Measuring
Chamber

Rotor
Inner mechanism
Housing