Discrete Fourier Transform

FFT and Its Applications

FFTSHIFT Shift zero-frequency component
to the center of spectrum. For vectors,
FFTSHIFT(X) swaps the left and right
halves of X. For matrices, FFTSHIFT(X)
swaps the first and third quadrants and the
second and fourth quadrants. For N-D
arrays, FFTSHIFT(X) swaps "half-spaces"
of X along each dimension.
Example of 1-D Fourier Transform
 fftBox.m – Plot Fourier Spectrum
• %
• % Script file: fftBox.m
• % Fourier Spectrum Plot of Box function
• %
• X1=linspace(0,1,17);
• Y1=ones(1,length(X1));
• X2=linspace(1,16,241);
• Y2=zeros(1,length(X2));
• X=[X1 X2]; Y=[Y1 Y2];
• W=abs(fftshift(fft(Y)));
• subplot(2,1,1)
• plot(X,Y,'r'); axis([0 16, 0,1.2]); title('Box function')
• subplot(2,1,2)
• plot(W,'b-');
• title('Fourier Spectrum of Box function')
2-D Discrete Fourier Transform
 Example of 2-D FFT Matlab Code
• % Script file: fourier.m - 2D Fourier Transform
• % Pictures on P.113 of Gonzalez, Woods, Eddins
• m=128; n=128;
• f=zeros(m,n);
• f(56:71,48:79)=255;
• F0=fft2(f); S0=abs(F0);
• Fc=fftshift(fft2(f)); Sc=abs(Fc);
• Fd=fft2(fftshift(f)); Sd=log(1+abs(Fc));
• subplot(2,2,1)
• imshow(f,[])
• subplot(2,2,2)
• imshow(S0,[])
• subplot(2,2,3)
• imshow(Sc,[ ])
• subplot(2,2,4)
• imshow(Sd,[ ])
2-D FFT with CenterShift
2-D FFT on Texture Images
 Discrete Cosine Transform
Partition an image into nonoverlapping 8 by
8 blocks, and apply a 2d DCT on each
block to get DC and AC coefficients.
Most of the high frequency coefficients
become insignificant, only the DC term
and some low frequency AC coefficients
are significant.
Fundamental for JPEG Image Compression
 Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)

X: a block of 8x8 pixels

A=Q8: 8x8 DCT matrix as
shown above
Y=AXAt
DCT on a 8x8 Block
Quantized DCT Coefficients
 Matlab Code for 2d DCT
• Q=xlsread('Qtable.xls','A2:H9');
• fin=fopen('block8x8.txt','r');
• fout=fopen('dctO.txt','w');
• fgetl(fin); X=fscanf(fin,'%f',[8,8]); fclose(fin); X=X';
• Y=dct2(X-128,[8,8]);
• fprintf(fout,'DCT coefficients\n');
• for i=1:8
• for j=1:8 fprintf(fout,'%6.1f',Y(i,j)); end; fprintf(fout,'\n');
• end
• Y=Y./Q; % Y=fix(Y+0.5*(Y>0));
• for i=1:8
• for j=1:8
• if (Y(i,j)>0) Y(i,j)=fix(Y(i,j)+0.5); else Y(i,j)=fix(Y(i,j)-0.5); end
• end
• end
• fprintf(fout,'Quantized DCT coefficients\n');
• for i=1:8
• for j=1:8 fprintf(fout,'%4d',Y(i,j)); end; fprintf(fout,'\n');
• end
• fclose(fout);
DCT-Based JPEG Conversion

Input image write to file

shift 128 huffman encoding

DCT run-length encoding

convert 2D matrix to 1D array

round

quantize with quantize matrix

Standard Quantization Table

run-length encoding

產生一維結果:
-26,-3,0,……,-1,-1,0,0,0,0…….

後皆為零，簡化可以減少資料儲存量
 JPEG Decoding
image result read compression file

shift 128 huffman decoding

IDCT run-length decoding

quantize with quantize matrix convert 1D array to 2D matrix

未採用流程
壓縮結果差異
 壓縮數據比較
原始檔案 CameraMan Plusplus lena boats

原始大小 49.3 KB 468 KB 257 KB 188 KB

(壓縮比)
壓縮格式 壓縮大小 ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------

zip ----------------- 42.5KB 111KB 219KB 137KB

(82.61%) (23.72%) (85.21%) (72.87%)

rar ----------------- 36.6KB 97.3KB 164KB 116KB

(74.24%) (20.79%) (63.81%) (61.7%)

jpg ----------------- 12.9KB 26.5KB 62.0KB 46.6KB

(26.17%) (5.662%) (24.12%) (24.79)

project ----------------- 11.2KB 9.48KB 28.1KB 24.3KB

(22.75%) (2.024%) (10.95%) (12.93%)
 壓縮數據比較
500 468
450
400
350
257 O riginal
300 28.1 Project
250 219 188
9.48 24.3 zip
200 111 164 137
49.3 rar
97.3 116
150 11.2 jpg
26.5
42.5
100 36.6
62 46.6
50 12.9

0
C am eraM an Plusplus lena boats