Prominent Sociologists and

Anthropologists
Matching:
• Choose from the scientists in the box. Segregate them into two,
whether they belong in sociology or anthropology.

Auguste Comte
Branislow Malinowski
Edward Tylor
Emile Durkheim
Felipe Landa Jocano
Frans Boas
Herbert Spencer
Karl Marx
Marcel Mauss
Max Weber
Edward B. Tylor
(October 2, 1832 -
January 2, 1917) CULTURE:
that complex whole which
includes knowledge, belief, or
morals of customs and other
capabilities and habits acquired
by humans as members of the
society.
Cultural diffusionism (cultural or social)

⚜Independent invention
• Innovations that have great impact to the lives of
people such as in the field of agriculture, writing, basic
engineering tend to spread across space faster and
wider. thus, people in the Philippines may have similar
patterns of agriculture techniques as to those of India.
•⚜The borrowing of traits from other culture
• Contacts of people belonging to separate cultural groups
tend to spread cultural traits that may not be available or
prevalence in one culture this could transfer or spread via
cooperation, competition, and/or conflict.
•⚜️acculturation
• This happens when different cultures or group experiences
continuous first hand contact. With continuous contact,
culture became receivers of cultural aspects of each
culture; nonetheless uniqueness of separate cultures was
still maintained and the both culture remained unique.
This can be exemplified with a Spanish colonization of the
Philippines- influenced via language values and religion.
Likewise, aspects of Philippine culture via their language
(only in limited terms cuisine and history)
Works

• Anahuac, or Mexico and the Mexicans: Ancient and

Modern (1861)
• Early history of Mankind and the Development of
Civilization (1865)
• Primitive Culture (1871)
Bronislow Malinowski • pointed out the notion that classical
fieldwork became improper and at
(1884-1942) times, conspicuously speculative.
• he advocated an extended method of
fieldworks which later on became the
standard of the field: getting "the
native's point of view" through
participant observation.
• theoretically, he advocated a
functionalist interpretation, which
examined how social institutions
functioned to satisfy individual
needs.
• his contribution was later followed by
famous anthropologists like Radcliffe-
Brown and Frans Boas (Father of
American Anthropology)
Works

• Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922)

• Sexual Life of Savages (1929)
• Coral Gardens and Their Magic (1935)
Marcel Mauss (1972- • nephew of Emile Durkheim, was
1950) the founder of the French
anthropological traditional
• 2 works
• Essay on the Gift - seminal analysis
of exchange and reciprocity,
• Huxley lecture on the notion of the
person - the first comparative study
of notions of person and selfhood
cross-culturally.
• his main interests were folklores
and story-telling.
 • German-born Jew who came to
Columbia by way of the American
Franz Boas (1858- museum of natural history where he
1942) pursued research on American Indians of
the Pacific Northwest.
• drawing on German philosophy, he
argued that people around the world
created distinct and particular cultures.
and that these should be viewed
holistically and relative to other cultures,
not within a hierarchy.
• he was a critic of the comparative
method, which compared different
groups and races within the rubrics of
Savage, barbarian, and civilized.
• the objects people make, the languages
they speak, and the gods they worship
contribute to unique cultures that have a
specific history and view of the world.
• American-born anthropologist,
who spent most of his adult life in
the Philippines teaching Philippine
indigenous culture.
• first to establish the first
anthropological department in the
University of the Philippines and
credited as the Father of
Philippine Anthropology.
• married Lingayu Gambuk,
daughter of the Ifugao village
chief of Amganad. They had a son
named William.
• Maintained that the Philippines was never part of mainland Asia. He
claimed that it rose from the bottom of the sea, and as the thin
Pacific crust continued to move, the islands continued to rise.
 • Professor Emeritus of the Asian
Center of the University of the
Felipe Landa Jocano Philippines and Executive Director
of PUNLAD Research House, Inc.
• Master’s and Ph.D. in
Anthropology at the University of
Chicago
• Authored several books on various
aspects of Filipino Society and
Culture.
• Core Migration Theory
Core Migration Theory

• Holds that there is no clear discrete waves of migration.

• Early inhabitants of Southeast Asia were of the same ethnic
group with similar culture, but through a gradual process
over time driven by environmental factors differentiated
themselves from one another.
• Fossil evidence of ancient men show that they not only
migrated to the Philippines, but also to New Guinea, Borneo,
and Australia.
• There is no way of determining if they were Negritos at all.
• Present Filipinos are a product of the long process of cultural
evolution and movement of people.
Other Anthropologists :

• Fr. Valentin Marin – introduced sociology as a

course in Crimonology at UST
• Prof. Salt – introduced a course on social ethics at
UP
• Dr. Clyde Heflin – Sociology at Siliman University
• Dr. Serafin Macaraig – first Filipino to receive a
doctorate degree in Sociology, published his
Introduction to Sociology (which became the first
text at UP)
Divided Sociology into two:

• Social Statics – study of the structure of society

• Social Dynamics – concentrates itself with social
evolution and change.
Law of three stages

1. Theological stage
• Man relies on supernatural agencies to explain certain
phenomena.
2. Metaphysical or abstract
• Man attributes facts to abstracts but poorly understands
causes
3. Scientific or positive
• Humans now understand the scientific laws that govern
the world.
Works:

• Positive Philosophy, composed of six volumes in

1842.
• Positive Polity, where he first used the term
sociology
Works

• Social Statics (1855) - a systematic presentation of

sociological analysis which is often referred to as
the first sociology textbook.
• Principle of Psychology - the human mind is subject
to natural laws and these could be discovered
through general biology.
• Principles of Biology – social life is governable by
the laws of conflict and competition, and, as in the
animal world, natural selection leads to survival of
the fittest.
 Max Weber
• Father of Modern Sociology
• Sociology is a science which
attempts the interpretative
understanding of social actions in
order thereby to arrive at a causal
explanation of its cause and
effects
Works:

• The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1906)

• How belief systems might affect people’s actions and in turn the economic
system of the society
• Hypothesized that the Protestant ethic (admonishments to achieve salvation
through hard work) influences the development of capitalism

• Objectivity in Social Science (1914)

• There is no absolutely objective scientific analysis of culture as knowledge of
cultural reality is always knowledge from particular points of view
• Verstehen Method – sociologists must not only employ objective methods
but also must ascertain the subjective meanings that people attach to their
own behavior and that of others.