In The Name of God

(A Project of S.M Sohail Trust)

Anatomy & Physiology-I

UNIT # 01;
An Introduction to the Body as Whole
Shahzad Bashir
MSN, Post RN BScN, DCHN, Dip. Card
Senior Nursing Instructor
November 26, 2019
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 Level of Structural Organization
• O B J E C T I V ES
• Describe the levels of structural organization
that make up the human body.
• List the 11 systems of the human body,
representative organs present in each, and their
general functions.

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 Level of Structural Organization
• Like the levels of organization of a language—
letters, words, sentences, paragraphs.
• Same the human body will extend from atoms
and molecules to the whole person.
• From the smallest to the largest, six levels of
organization will help you to understand
anatomy and physiology.

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 Level of Structural Organization
• These levels are:
1. Chemical
2. Cellular
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. System
6. Organismal levels of organization

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 Level of Structural Organization
1. Chemical
• This very basic level and includes atoms (the
smallest units of matter that participate in
chemical reactions).
• Molecules: (Two or more atoms joined
together).
• Certain atoms, such as carbon (C), hydrogen
(H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus
(P), calcium (Ca), and sulfur (S), are essential
for maintaining life.
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 Level of Structural Organization
2. Cellular:
• Molecules combine to form cells, the basic
structural and functional units of an organism.
• Cells are the smallest living units in the human
body.
• Among the many kinds of cells in your body
are muscle cells, nerve cells, and epithelial
cells, shows a smooth muscle cell, one of the
three types of muscle cells in the body.
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 Level of Structural Organization
3. Tissue level:
• Tissues are groups of similar cells and the
materials surrounding them that work together to
perform a particular function.
• There are just four basic types of tissue in your
body:
1. Epithelial tissue.
2. Connective tissue.
3. Muscular tissue.
4. Nervous tissue.
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 Level of Structural Organization
4. Organ level:
• At this level different types of tissues are
joined together to form organ.
• Organs are structures that are composed of two
or more different types of tissues; they have
specific functions and usually have
recognizable shapes.
• Examples of organs are the stomach, skin,
bones, heart, liver, lungs, and brain.
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 Level of Structural Organization
• For example the stomach’s outer covering is a
serous membrane, a layer of epithelial tissue and
connective tissue that reduces friction when the
stomach moves and rubs against other organs.
• Underneath are the smooth muscle tissue layers,
which contract to churn and mix food and then
push it into the next digestive organ, the small
intestine.
• The innermost lining is an epithelial tissue layer
that produces fluid and chemicals responsible for
digestion in the stomach.
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 Level of Structural Organization
5. System level:
• A system consists of related organs with a
common function.
• An example of the system level, also called the
organ-system level, is the digestive system,
which breaks down and absorbs food.

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 Level of Structural Organization
6. Organismal level:
• When different system combine to form a
specific body which is known as Organism.
• An organism, any living individual.
• All the parts of the human body functioning
together constitute the total organism.

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 Systems of the Human Body.
• There are Eleven Systems of the Human Body
which are:
1. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM:
• Components: Skin and structures associated with
it, such as hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands.
• Functions:
• Protects the body.
• Helps regulate body temperature.
• Eliminates some wastes.
• Helps make vitamin D.
• Detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth,
and cold.
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 Systems of the Human Body.
2. SKELETAL SYSTEM:
• Components: Bones and joints of the body and
their associated cartilages.
• Functions: Supports and protects the body;
• Provides a surface area for muscle attachments.
• Aids body movements,
• Houses cells that produce blood cells.
• Stores minerals and lipids (fats).
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 Systems of the Human Body.
3. MUSCULAR SYSTEM:
• Components: Muscles composed of skeletal
muscle tissue, so-named because it is usually
attached to bones.
• Functions: Produces body movements,
• Such as walking.
• Stabilizes body position (posture).
• Generates heat.

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 Systems of the Human Body.
4. NERVOUS SYSTEM:
• Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and
special sense organs, such as the eyes and ears.
• Functions:
• Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to
regulate body activities.
• Detects changes in the body’s internal and
external environments.
• Interprets the changes, and responds by causing
muscular contractions or glandular secretions.
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 Systems of the Human Body.
5. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
• Components: Hormone- Functions:
producing glands.
• Pineal gland.
• Regulates body
• Hypothalamus. activities by releasing
• Pituitary gland. hormones, which are
• Thymus.
• Thyroid gland. chemical messengers
• Parathyroid glands. transported in blood
• Adrenal glands.
• Pancreas.
from an endocrine gland
• Ovaries, and testes. & or tissue to target
• Hormone-producing cells in several organ.
other organs.

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 Systems of the Human Body.
6. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM:

• Components: Blood, heart, Functions:

and blood vessels. • Heart pumps blood through
blood vessels; blood carries
oxygen and nutrients to cells
and carbon dioxide and wastes
away from cells and helps
regulate acid–base balance,
temperature, and water content
of body fluids; blood
components help defend
against disease and repair
damaged blood vessels.
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 Systems of the Human Body.
7. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
• Components: Organs of Functions:
gastrointestinal tract: • Achieves physical and
• Along tube that includes the
mouth, pharynx (throat).
chemical breakdown of
• Esophagus. food; absorbs nutrients;
• Stomach. eliminates solid wastes.
• Small and large/intestines, and
anus.
• Also includes accessory organs
• that assist in digestive processes,
such as the salivary glands, liver,
gallbladder, and pancreas.

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 Systems of the Human Body.
8. URINARY SYSTEM:
• Components: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and
urethra.
• Functions:
• Produces, stores, and eliminates urine.
• Eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical
composition of blood.
• Helps maintain the acid–base balance of body fluids.
• Maintains body’s mineral balance.
• Helps regulate production of red blood cells.

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 Systems of the Human Body.
9. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY:

• Components: Lymphatic Functions:

fluid (lymph) and vessels; • Returns proteins and fluid to
also includes spleen, blood.
thymus, lymph nodes, and • Carries lipids from
tonsils. gastrointestinal tract to
blood.
• Includes structures where
lymphocytes that protect
against disease-causing
microbes mature and
proliferate.
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 Systems of the Human Body.
10. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
• Components: Lungs and air
passageways such as the
pharynx (throat), larynx
(voice box), trachea
(windpipe), and bronchial
tubes leading into and out of
the lungs.
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Functions:
• Transfers oxygen from
inhaled air to blood and
carbon dioxide from blood
to exhaled air.
• Helps regulate acid–base
balance of body fluids.
• Air flowing out of lungs
through vocal cords
produces sounds.
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 Systems of the Human Body.
11. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS:
• Components: Gonads (testes in males and ovaries
in females) and associated organs (uterine tubes,
uterus, and vagina in females and epididymis,
ductus deferens, and penis in males).
• Functions: Gonads produce gametes (sperm or
oocytes) that unite to form a new organism;
• Gonads also release hormones that regulate
reproduction and other body processes;
• Associated organs transport and store gametes.

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 References.
• Tortora, G. J. & Grabowski, S.R. (2009).
Principles of anatomy and physiology (12th
ed.). New York: John Wiley & sons Inc.

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