ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY

URBAN PLANNING IN INDIA

UNIT V
What is Globalization?
• The term globalization means International Integration.
• Opening up of world trade, development of advanced means
of communication, internationalisation of financial markets,
growing importance of MNC's, population migrations and
more generally increased mobility of persons, goods, capital,
data and ideas.
• It is a process through which the diverse world is unified into a
single society.
Wave of Globalization
• The wave of globalization hitted India at the end of the last
century
• and still the country is flowing with the current of global
changes.
Economic Impact of globalization in
India
• Multilateral agreements in trade, taking on such new agendas
as environmental and social conditions.
• New multilateral agreements for services ,Intellectual
properties, communications, and more binding on national
governments than any previous agreements.
• Market economic policies spreading around the world, with
greater privatization and liberalization than in earlier decades.
• Growing global markets in services. People can now execute
trade services globally -- from medical advice to software
writing to data processing , that could never really be traded
before.
Open Market policy -advantages
Growing Indian Economy
Growing GDP
Growing Exports
Growing FDI Inflows
India‘s economic position
among BRIC countries
Impact of globalization on business in
India
• India has a consumer base of 1.14 billion people.
• India is the 3rd largest global telecom market. The
mobile subscriber base has grown from 0.3 Million in
1996 to over 250 million currently.
• India is likely to add over 200 shopping malls by 2010
and 715 malls by 2015.
• India is the world’s:
• 2nd largest two-wheeler market,
• 4th largest commercial vehicle market
• 11th largest passenger car market.
• Expected to be the 7th largest automobile market by
2016.
Technological & Cultural impact of
globalization in India.
• Access to television grew from 20% of the urban population (1991) to 90%
of the urban population (2009). Even in the rural areas satellite television
has a grown up market.

• In the cities Internet facility is everywhere .Extension of internet facilities

even to rural areas.

• Global food chain /restaurants has already found a huge market in the
urban areas of India.

• Lavish Multiplex movie halls, big shopping malls and high rise residentials
are seen in every cities.
Technological & Cultural impact of
globalization in India.
• Telecommunication and Software Industries are
booming in India.
• Entertainment sector in India has a worldwide market.
Bollywood movies are distributed and accepted
worldwide.Big international companies(Walt
Disney,20th Century Fox,Columbia Pictures) are
investing on this sector.
• Famous International
brands(Armani,Gucci,Nike,Omega etc.) are investing in
the Indian market with the changing of fashion
statement of Indians.
Impact of globalization on agriculture
in India
• Agriculture acquired 17% of India’s GDP in 2008.
• 60% of population still depends on agriculture for their
livelihood.
• Occupied 43% of India’s geographical areas.
• Agriculture Scientists are applying new technologies and
instruments in growing crops.
• Different state governments of India are taking initiative to
literate the farmers.
Two different face of globalization in
India.
India‘s problem with Globalization
• Some section of people in India, basically poor and very poor,
tribal groups, they did not feel the heat of globalization at all.
They remain poor & poorest as they were.
• Increased gap between rich and poor fuels potential terrorist
reaction.
• Ethical responsibility of business has been diminished.
• Youth group of India leaving their studies very early and
joining Call centres to earn easy money thereby losing their
social life after getting habituated with monotonous work.
• High growth but problem of unemployment.
• Multi party rule, hence political ideology intervenes
globalization (reservation, labor law reforms).
• Price hike of every daily usable commodities.
 Global Cities – the very idea…

• “the space of the global city is not marked by

headquarters…For me the space of the global city is its
productivity, it has to do with the capacities that it can bring
together and we're talking about networked sub-economies”

(Saskia Sassen, GaWC Annual Lecture 1999)

• Sassen (1991) ‘ The Global City’ - 4 functions:
– (i) command point;
– (ii) site of production
– (iii) market
– (iv) innovation site
• Sassen (2001) & Castells (2009): global cities as networked places
• Taylor & GaWC connectivity of the tertiary economy in this
networked space
• Two questions/ issues have been focus of global city work:
– Networked hierarchies (where is important)
– Spatial connectivity ( how linkages are important)
– Today: reconsider this way of thinking around what (economic)
actors do (practices) that makes cities ‘global’
Global city theories: a re-evaluation
• GaWc work famously mapped firm (& other) connections
between cities
• Connectivity measured by transactions, contracts, firm
subsidiaries, movements of workers
• Network concept: tension between node and linkage
• BUT other issues in original global city debates: social,
cultural, political…
• Research here become increasingly integrated into urban
studies more generally, but lost focus key conceptions of
global city debate
• Important: global city as spatio-temporal, rather than
spatialities (Sassen 1999, here!)
Revisiting other globalizations of the
Global City
• Reconnect different dimensions to global city debate
• Tentative reconceptualisation of how we understand significance of
global cities
• Bridge between concepts of global cities in ‘network hierarchies’
(Taylor et al) as opposed ‘places’ (Massey)
• Argue two neglected dimensions in dominant GaWc approach
– Sociality (arena of social practice)
– Temporality (evolutionary spaces)
• Illustrate today through ‘global elite’ workforce development
• Link literatures on global city labour markets, mobility, executive
education & corporate working practices( Faulconbridge & Muzio
2009; Beaverstock 2010; Beaverstock & Hall 2012)
• Useful: concept of ‘global work’
Three Key Contentions

• 1) Work as an activity & experience in all sectors is becoming

increasingly multiscalar, and permeated by distanciated
relations (after Amin / Held / Giddens)
• 2) Globalization is transforming many kinds of work activities
(low / high paid; skilled / unskilled)
• 3) Global work is therefore something we all increasingly ‘do’,
albeit in different ways
Global Work
• Globalization has led to transformation in nature of work (formal &
informal) -‘global work’ (c.f. Jones 2008)
– New & important transformation linked to the wider globalization of
economy & society
• Five major aspects:
• 1) Work increasingly bound into ‘distanciated’ relations
– a practice bound into distant actors, places and relations
• 2) Scalar transformation in the embodied practices that constitute work
– New forms of mobility, business travel, secondment schemes
• 3) Experience of ‘doing’ work is changing
– global relations increasingly shape everyday practices of work
• 4) Changed nature of power relations workers are entangled in
– Work increasingly bound into complex multi-scalar and inter/intra
organizational relationships
• 5) Nature of workplaces changing
– More than just physical places: virtual, organizational & social spaces
Global City / Non City Workspaces
• Global work approach: led to re-valuation of existing accounts of global
city labour markets
• Jones (2002) argued Sassen’s command & control practices more diffuse
across global city network
• BUT now argue that understandings of how global cities are ‘sites’ of
global economic practice needs development
• Globalness of city space bound into array of past and present global (or
‘distanciated’) relationships
• What Sassens’ TNC Head Office & corporate workers are ‘doing’ linked to
many different places and times
• Global city as a place is being constantly (re)made through linkages to
other places / times (c.f. Murphy 2011)
• Not just linkages to other cities, but many spaces
• Illustrate this through a (maybe) unlikely example: international youth
volunteering
Urbanization
• Half of the world’s population of six billion people are
estimated to live in cities

• The drawbacks of urbanization in the developing worlds

needs little introduction

• Most “instant” cities were not built for such volumes

• According to a UN study on global urban conditions, nearly 1

billion people (the vast majority from the developing world)
live in filthy, unhealthy areas that lack water, sanitation, public
services or legal security
• Some migrants push factors out of rural communities are
because:
– unemployment
– limited land resources
– lack of opportunity and employment
– boredom, and,
– dislike of political factionalism
• Some migrant are pulled into cites to escape:
– safety
– economic survival for themselves and their children
– lure of glamour, excitement and sophistication
• In theory, many developing countries profess to discouraging
urban migration, citing problems related to employment,
sanitation, limited transportation, pollution, access to services
and crime
• Cities are viewed as symbols of progress in advancing
industry, wealth, and prestige, despite the prevalence of
poverty, homelessness and slums
• Developing world urbanism would appear to qualify as a bona
fide social problem, as potential damage to society and the
environment are but two problems associated with
developing world urbanization
 sustainable community
• A community that can persist while meeting the needs of its
members and the needs of subsequent generations.

• American communities could exist because of the general

tolerance, prosperity and abundant land in the US.

• Examples of peaceful revolutions, often during times of

political or religious unrest, where members can find
individual fulfillment and yet be part of a community.
• Sustainable communities: formed to address the
environmental, social, economic and spiritual needs of the
members.

• A community of homes built around sustainable

principles: clean air and water, efficient resource use,
mimicking natural ecosystem cycles, more community and
GOOD FOOD.
 Designing Sustainable Communities

GENERAL PRINCIPLES:

(1) Plan for sustainability from the beginning. Design for

ecological principles first.

(2) Location: should be chosen for ecological stability. Often this

is not possible.

(3) All community development is site specific. A community

can’t go too far in the planning stage before a site is chosen.
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE:
(1) Size; population size and physical size
(2) Density of population desired
(3) Type of housing; individual or shared
(4) Diversity; who will be included
(5) Resource sharing
(6) Responsibility sharing
(7) Development of By-Laws
Meanings of Sustainable
Development
Meanings of SD:
Economic, Social & Environmental Capital
 Meanings of SD:
Nested Sustainable Development
Meanings of SD: principles & policies
Characteristics of SD
ECOLOGICALLY ETHICAL UTILIZATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Use of resources and pollution within carrying capacity of nature
Biodiversity enhanced
Three “R”s to minimize wastes and energy consumption
INTRA- AND INTER-GENERATIONAL EQUITY
Demographic stabilization
Reforming market economy: “restorative”, community based economies vibrant
Ecological modernization
Diversities in human resources development
Diversity in the built environment
Diversity in economic activities
Diversity in culture
Meeting basic needs
Strong social cohesion
Equity in governance
Equal opportunities available
Geographical equity: self-reliance
 RESPONSES

Strategic long term view with strategic information

Horizontal cross-sectoral approach within the government

Vertical integration (local-regional initiatives)

Politics: new governance (three-way [public-private-community] partnership)

Sustainable planning process: participation & dialogue

Law & legislation on environmental management

Market: green consumerism, ecological modernization

Socio-cultural changes (public awareness)

Green financing