PARTS OF SPEECH

Mr. Usama Sheikh

Classification of words categorized by their
roles and functions within the structure of the
language
NOUNS • Amna, Islamabad, Table

PRONOUNS • I,You, He

ADJECTIVES • Fast, One, Amazing

VERBS • Walk, Like, Is

 ADVERB • Never, Over, Completely

PREPOSITION • To, Into, On

CONJUNCTION • But, Therefore, And

INTERJECTION • Wow!, Alas!, Humph!

NOUNS
• Naming Words
• Nouns refer to a person, a place, a thing, a quality, an act, or an idea
(abstract).
• A person ► a teacher
• A place ► the university
• A thing ► a book
• A quality ► loyalty
• An act ► rebellion
• An idea ► justice
TYPES OF NOUNS
⮚Proper Noun Ali, Islamabad, Paris, CUST
⮚Common Noun Pen, Box, School, Street
⮚Abstract Noun Anger, Joy, Sorrow, Privacy
⮚Concrete Noun Brick, Stone, Chair, Iron
⮚Compound Noun Bookworm, Rainfall, Haircut, Post
Office
⮚Countable Noun Finger, tables, Coats, Cars
⮚Uncountable Noun Air, Sky, Salt, Sand, Sugar
PRONOUNS

• A pronoun is used in place of a specific noun mentioned earlier in a

sentence so that you do not have to keep repeating (saying/writing)
that particular noun.
 Possessive Case
[denotes ownership]
Person (Personal
Subjective Case Objective Case (Possessive Pronoun)
Pronoun)
Note: no pronoun has an
apostrophe (’)

1st I Me My, mine

Singular 2nd You You Your, yours

3rd He, she, it Him, her, it His, her, hers, its

1st We Us Our, ours

Plural 2nd You You Your, yours

3rd They Them Their, theirs

 TYPES OF PRONOUNS
Demonstrative Interrogative Reflexive

● Demonstrative pronouns ● Interrogative pronouns ● Reflexive pronouns

‘point to.’
● This, that, these, those,
such
● e.g. Hand me that book.
‘pose questions.’ reflect back to the same
person.
● Who? Whom? (for
people) ● Myself, yourself, himself,
herself, itself, ourselves,
● Which? What? Whose? yourselves, themselves
Where?
● e.g. We told ourselves
● e.g. Which is your that we were so lucky to
favourite movie? be alive.
 TYPES OF PRONOUNS
Intensive Distributive Indefinite Pronouns

● Intensive pronouns, also ● Distributive pronouns ● That refer to general

known as emphatic refer to persons or things things and people e.g.
pronouns, are used to one at a time. someone, anyone,
provide emphasis. ● Each, either, neither nobody, every, any.
● Myself, yourself, ● e.g. Each of the student
himself, herself, itself, studies hard.
ourselves, yourselves,
themselves
● e.g. I will do it myself.
TYPES OF PRONOUNS
Relative Pronoun
• That relates back to
something mentioned
previously e.g.
• The boy who is
wearing a red shirt.
• The building that is
made of stone.
 ADJECTIVES
• An adjective describes or modifies noun(s) and pronoun(s) in a
sentence. It normally indicates quality, size, shape, duration,
feelings, contents, and more about a noun or pronoun
• Order of Adjectives
N O S A S C O M
NUMBER OPINION SIZE AGE SHAPE COLOUR ORIGIN MATERIAL NOUN
FOUR LOVELY SMALL OLD ROUND RED CHINESE FABRIC BAGS

• modify/describe by answering the questions: What kind? How

many? Which one? How much? .
KINDS OF ADJECTIVES
• The team has an amazing goalkeeper. [Descriptive Adjective]
• I have three pens in my pouch. [Quantitative Adjective]
• I love that red purse. [Demonstrative Adjective + Descriptive
Adjective]
• American muscle cars are very strong. [Proper Adjective]
Position of Adjectives:
Adjectives can be used attributively It is a green coat. The
happy girl is dancing.
Adjectives can be used predicatively The coat is green. The
girl is happy.
ARTICLES

• Articles also modify the nouns.

• determine the specification of nouns.
Unspecifie
d noun A / An

Specified
noun
The
• A cat is always afraid of water. (Here, the noun ‘cat’ refers
to any cat, not specific)
• The cat is afraid of me. (This ‘cat’ is a specific cat)
• An electronic device should always be handled with care.
VERBS
❖words that indicates action
Types of Verb:
• Action Verbs That show prominent or physical action e.g. jump, walk, play, swim,
dance
• Non-Action Verbs That show less prominent action e.g. hear, understand, think, feel,
observe
• Auxiliary /Helping Verb That is used to form tenses, voice and other grammatical
structures.
E.g. is, am, are, was, were, do, does, may can etc.
Rules:
❖I Am / Was / Do / Have / Had
❖He / She / It Is / Was / Does / Has / Had
❖They / We / You Are / Were / Do / Have / Had
• Modal Auxiliaries (may, might, can could, should etc.).
Tell ability, possibility, permission, certainty etc.
• Transitive Verb That requires an object e.g. write, eat, give,
read
E.g. write a letter, eat an apple, give a gift, read a book
• Intransitive Verb That doesn’t require an object e.g. sleep, die,
sneeze
ADVERBS
• An adverb is a word or a set of words that modifies verbs, adjectives, and
other adverbs.
❖Please come quickly (quickly is modifying a verb i.e. come).
❖He is quite a nice man (quite is modifying an adjective i.e. nice).
❖He runs very fast (very is modifying another adverb i.e. fast).
• It tells when, where, and how an action is performed or indicates the quality
or degree of the action.
• Not always ends with ‘–ly’
• words can be both adverbs and adjectives according to their function in the
sentence.
• Adverb of Time/Frequency (When?)
❖Always, never, often, eventually, now, frequently, occasionally, once,
forever, seldom, before, Sunday, Monday, 10 AM, 12 PM
• Adverb of Place/Direction (Where?)
❖Across, over, under, in, out, through, backward, there, around, here,
sideways, upstairs, in the park, in the field, in that place
• Adverb of Degree (How much?)
❖Completely, nearly, entirely, less, mildly, most, thoroughly, somewhat,
excessively, much
• Adverb of Manner (How?)
❖bravely, sweetly, quickly, loudly, neatly, hard, fast, well
PREPOSITIONS

• A preposition is a word that indicates the relationship between a noun

and the other words of a sentence.
• E.g. in, on, at, over, under, beside, behind, for, since, from, of , with, to
, by etc.

❖I am going to cinema.
❖Alex threw a stone into the pond.
❖They have gone out of the town.
CONJUNCTIONS
• Joining words
• Conjunctions make a link between words or groups of
words and other parts of the sentence to show a
relationship between them.
❖Alex and Robin are playing together. [Coordinating Conjunction]
❖Alex plays well, but Robin plays better than him. [Coordinating
Conjunction]
❖When he was sick, I went to see him. [Subordinating Conjunction]
❖Neither Alex nor Robin can play baseball. [Correlative
Conjunction]
Types of Conjunctions:
• Coordinating / Parallel Conjunctions for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
They help to join equal or parallel words or sentences

❖Henry and George are coming (two nouns joined by and).

❖He is old but active (two adjectives joined by but).
❖I like eggs nor milk. (two nouns joined by nor).
❖Please come or go. (two verbs joined by or).
❖He likes dogs yet hates to take care of them (two verbs joined by yet).
❖I’m not buying the dress for it is too expensive (two sentences joined by for).
❖I got late so I started running (two sentences joined by so).
• Subordinate Conjunctions
They are in beginning of dependent clauses. (Clause is part of a sentence)
❖Because he was ill, he couldn’t come.
❖You must wait until the bell rings.
❖I will help you while I’m here.
❖As you know, she is crazy.
• Correlative / Paired Conjunctions
The occur in pairs
❖either/or neither, nor not only, but also both, and etc.
INTERJECTIONS

• words we instantly use to show our reaction to something which

influences our emotions.
• it is inappropriate to use interjections in formal speech or writing.

❖Wow! That is a nice car.

❖Alas! Portugal lost the football match.
• Ouch! (pain)
• Oop! (mistake)
• Yeah! Yes! Hurray! (happiness or excitement)
• Alas! (sorrow)
• Oh! (surprise)
• Hi! Hello! (greeting)
• Yummy! Yuck! (taste)
• Bravo! (appreciation)
• Wow! (amazement)
• Hmmm! Er! Um! (thinking, hesitation)