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September 9, 2013
Atomic History
Democritus Matter is composed of empty
space in which atoms move
Dalton Elements consist of atoms and
compounds are collection of
atoms
“Plum pudding model” : Atoms
JJ Thomson contain negative particles called
electrons
Alpha particles, positive charge
Rutherford with a mass 7500x of electron.
Proved the plum pudding model
was wrong. Nucleus center ( +)
and tiny electrons moved in space
around it.
Chadwick Discovered neutrons (slightly
more massive than a proton).
Bohr Electrons are in circular paths
depending on their energy levels
Atomic History
De Broglie electrons move in waves rather
than straight circular paths
Schrodinger Wave Mechanical Model or
Quantum Mechanical Model.
Furthered De Broglie’s idea of
waves by stating that electrons
are in clouds but in certain energy
region
Millikan Oil drop experiment: discovered
that atoms had positive and
negative charges and that they
equal each other
Moseley Helped to arrange atoms in the
periodic table. Atoms were
arranged in increasing atomic
number using wavelengths and
x-rays
Atoms, Isotopes and Ions
C
Carbon
12.01115
Atomic Number
Use the Periodic Table to complete the
following.
1. What element has the atomic number 18?
2. What element has 35 protons?
How are atoms of one element
different from those of another
element?
They have different numbers of these
subatomic particles.
Atomic Number
1
Chemical Symbol
Element Name
H
Hydrogen
1.00797
Average Atomic Mass
Isotopes
How do we distinguish between atoms?
Do all atoms of an element have the same
composition?
Heavy Water and Water Ice Cube in
water
Isotopes
What implication does this have for the masses
of atoms?
Average atomic mass
Isotopes differ only in the number of Neutrons
Difference is shown by their mass numbers
Notation: superscript for mass number, which is
the sum of the number of protons and neutrons
Notation: subscript for atomic number, which is
the number of protons (or electrons)
7 Li 9 Be 11 B
3 4 5
Nuclear Particles
How many of each particle (protons, neutrons
and electrons) are in these atoms?
76 78 80
35 Br 35Br 35Br
14 15
7N 7N
18 O 17 O 16 O 15 O
8 8 8 8
Ions
When an atom loses or gains electrons
and acquires a net electrical charge.
Gain electrons – negative ion - anion
Lose electrons – positive ion - cation
Mg2+
Mg
Ions
Charge of ion = # of protons - # of electrons
Homework
Bohr’s Model Worksheet/Isotope Worksheet
Review (Insert)
Mass of Proton: 1.67 x 10-24 grams = 1 amu
Mass of Neutron: 1.67 x 10-24 grams = 1 amu
Mass of Electron: 9.1 x 10-28 grams
(essentially zero)
Unit 3
Light and Quantized Energy
Electron Configuration
Objective:
Learn how electrons are arranged in an atom and
how that arrangement plays a role in their chemical
behavior
How do we know what makes
up an atom?
The Atom is a Scientific Model
With the scanning tunneling microscope
we can see atoms, but we still cannot see
their internal structure.
Scientific models are created by
experiments, but are often modified.
There may be flaws in the current model.
What do atoms look like?
See the electron microscope image of the
molecular art drawn with gold (Au) atoms.
See the image of graphite. Are these images
proof of atoms? How do we see atoms?
benzene nickel
graphite
How do we know what
makes up atoms?
Cathode Ray Tubes
Why does the beam bend?
Gold Foil Experiment
Examine the diagram of Rutherford’s alpha ray
experiment. What is the implication of this
experiment?
Line Spectra
Third
Second
First
Nucleus
Demo
Point Spectroscope towards the fluorescent
light bulb
Observe the bright line spectrum of mercury
and phosphorous
Where all of this has led to
Bohr Model – did some good things but it
is not the whole truth.
Some Questions
Color arises from electrons shifting from one
orbital to another of different energy
Third
Second
First
Nucleus
Element Finger Print
07m07an1
Spectroscopes
Practice using the Spectroscopes
What do you see?
Where is it coming from?
Lab
Line Spectrum Station Rotation
At each Station
Spectra Data Analysis
Observe through Compare spectra to
spectroscope various reference
Record measurements sources
and notes Identify substance
Switch roles to judge Work on study
precision of questions
observation
Lab Rotation
Identify the emission spectra for 5 gas
tubes and 4 stations for Flame tests
Flame test: Dip the sticks in water and WEAR
GOGGLES!
Use colored pencils to mark the reference
for each station (Gas Tubes)
Use colored pencils to mark the reference
for Flame Tests
Write a qualitative analysis on each
emission spectrum
Questions?
Color Coding the Periodic Table
Activity
Read handout
Fill out Family Ties (Student Worksheet)
Homework:
Study for Quiz (Friday)
Start
Lab
Line Spectrum Station Rotation
At each Station
Pair A Pair B
Spectra Data Analysis
Observe through Compare spectra to
spectroscope various reference
Record measurements sources
and notes Identify substance
Switch roles to judge Work on study
precision of questions
observation
Spectroscopes
What do you see?
Where is it coming from?
Line Spectra
Third
Second
First
Nucleus
Orbital Diagrams and Electron
Configurations
n = Principle quantum number
Describes the energy level the electron occupies
n=4
n=3
n=2
n=1
Orbital Energy Levels
Shape of orbital
designated by the
letters
s, p, d, f, g
Excited states
Ground state
Shapes of Orbitals
Shape of orbital designated by the letters
s, p, d, f, g
Orbitals have
different shapes
s Orbital shape
The s orbital has a
spherical shape
centered around
the origin of the
three axes in space.
p orbital shape
…and a “dumbell
with a donut”!
Shape of f orbitals
Combination
of electron
microscopy
and x-ray
diffraction
produced
image of
orbitals
Sets of Orbitals (Subshells)
Depending on the type of orbital, we find that they
occur in sets differing in their orientation in
space
s - set of 1
p - set of 3
d - set of 5
f - set of 7
Sizes of orbitals
Size depends on the value of n
2s
1s
Different ways to show electron
configuration
Energy level diagram Box notation
2s
1s 2s
1s
I
Cs
The f-block is inserted into to
the d-block
Find the electron configuration
of Au
Locate Au on the periodic table
Find the electron configuration
of Au
Au [Xe]
The noble gas core is Xe
Find the electron configuration
of Au
Au [Xe]6s2
The noble gas core is Xe
From Xe, go 2 spaces across the s-block in the 6th row
6s2
Find the electron configuration
of Au
Au [Xe]6s24f14
The noble gas core is Xe
From Xe, go 2 spaces across the s-block in the 6th row
6s2
Then detour to go 14 spaces across the f-block 4f14
note: for the f-block, n = row – 2 = 6 – 2 = 4
Find the electron configuration
2 14 9
of Au
Au [Xe]6s 4f 5d
The noble gas core is Xe
From Xe, go 2 spaces across the s-block in the 6th row 6s2
Then detour to go 14 spaces across the f-block 4f14
note: for the f-block, n = row – 2 = 6 – 2 = 4
Finally go 9 spaces into the d-block on the 6th row 5d9
note: for the d-block, n = row – 1 = 6 – 1 = 5
Electron configuration of ions
What is an ion?
How many electrons does Cl1- have?
What is the electron configuration for the
chloride ion?
How many electrons does Ca2+ have?
What is the electron configuration for the
calcium ion?
What do you notice?
Practice
Draw the orbital diagram for sulfur.
What ion does sulfur want to form and why?