Human Anatomy Introduction

Dr. Ajay Pal

Ph.D. (King George’s Medical University Lucknow)
Assistant Professor (Yoga Therapy)
Morarji Desai National Insitute of Yoga
New Delhi - 01
 Chapter Objectives

• After studying this topic, you will be able to:

• Distinguish between anatomy and physiology,
and identify several branches of each
• Describe the structure of the body, from
simplest to most complex, interms of the six
levels of organization
• Identify the functional characteristics of
human life
 Chapter Objectives
Cont…

• Identify the four requirements for human

survival
• Use appropriate anatomical terminology to
identify key body structures, body regions,
and directions in the
• body
Human Anatomy Introduction
 What is Anatomy?
• Study of the STRUCTURE of the Human Body
• ekuo “kjhj dh lajpuk dk v/;;u djukA
• Closely related to PHYSIOLOGY!
• ekuo “kjhj fdz;kfoKku ls utnhdh ls lacaf/kr
• Physiology is the study of the FUNCTION of
the human body
• ekuo “kjhj fdz;kfoKku v/;;u gS ekuo “kjhj ds
fdz;kdykiksa dkA
 Divisions of Anatomy
ekuo “kjhj dh lajpuk dk oxhZdj.k
• Gross Anatomy • o`gr ekuo “kjhj dh
• Structures that can be lajpuk
seen with the eye
• os lajpuk,a tks
• Muscles, bones, various vka[kksa ls ns[kh tk
organs.
ldrh gSa
• eka”kisf”k;ka]
gfM~M;ka] vkSj
nwljs vax
 Divisions of Anatomy
ekuo “kjhj dh lajpuk dk oxhZdj.k
• Microscopic Anatomy • lw{en”khZ; ekuo “kjhj
• Structures that cannot dh lajpuk
be seen with the eye • os lajpuk,a tks
• Need to use a vka[kksa ls ugha ns[kh
microscope tk ldrh
• Cytology = study of cells • ftudks ns[kus ds fy,
• Histology = study of lw{en”khZ dh vko”;drk
tissues gSA
• lkbVksyksth&dksf”kdk
dk v/;;u
• fgLVksyksth& Årdksa
 Divisions of Anatomy
ekuo “kjhj dh lajpuk dk oxhZdj.k
• Surface Anatomy • i`’Bh; ekuo “kjhj dh
• (Also called superficial lajpuk
anatomy and • blds vykok lrgh “kjhj
visual anatomy) is the study jpuk vkSj n`’; “kjhj jpuk
of the external features of Hkh dgrs gSaA blesa
the body. “kjhj ds ckgjh Hkkxksa
• It deals with anatomical dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
features that can be studied• blesa “kjhj jpuk ds ml
by sight, without dissection. Hkkx dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk
gS ftlesa “kjhj
foPNsnu dh vko”;drk
 Ways to Study Anatomy
ekuo “kjhj dh lajpuk ds v/;;u ds
rjhds
• Regional Anatomy – study one region of the
body at a time and learn everything about the
region
• {ks=h; ekuo “kjhj dh jpuk & ;g “kjhj ds
,d Hkkx dk ,d ckj esa v/;;u gS ftlls ml
Hkkx ds ckjs esa iwjh tkudkjh izkIr dh
tk ldsA
 Ways to Study Anatomy
ekuo “kjhj dh lajpuk ds v/;;u ds
rjhds
• Systemic Anatomy – study one body system at
a time. This is the approach we will use in this
course.
• iz.kkyhxr ekuo “kjhj dh jpuk & ;g “kjhj ds ,d
ra= dk ,d ckj esa v/;;u gSA ge bl ikB~;dze
esa ;gh fof/k viuk;saxsA
 Anatomical Organization
“kkjhfjd laxBUk
• Cells • dksf”kdk,a
• Tissues • Årdksa
• Organs • vaxksa
• Organ Systems • vaxksa dk ra=
• Organism
• tho
 The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
lajpukRed laxBu dk inkuqdze
• Chemical level – atoms form molecules
• Cellular level – cells and their functional subunits
• Tissue level – a group of cells performing a common function
• Organ level – a discrete structure made up of more than one
tissue
• Organ system – organs working together for a common
purpose
• Organismal level – the result of all simpler levels working in
unison
 Organ Systems
vax iz.kkfy;ka
• 1. Integument
• 1. vkoj.k
• 2. Skeletal
• 2. dadky
• 3. Muscular
• 3. eka”kis”kh;
• 4. Nervous
• 4. raf=dka,
• 5. Endocrine
• 5. var%lzkoh
• 6. Cardiovascular
• 6. ânokfguh
• 7. Lymphatic
• 7. ylhdk
• 8. Respiratory
• 8. “o”ku
• 9. Digestive
• 9. ikpu
• 10. Urinary
• 10. ew=h;
• 11. Reproductive
• 11. tuu
 The Integumentary System
vkoj.k ra=
– Forms external body
covering
– Protects deeper tissues
from injury
– Synthesizes vitamin D
– Site of cutaneous
receptors
• (pain, pressure, etc.) and
sweat and oil glands
• ckgjh “kjhj ds vkoj.k
dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA
• nq?kZVuk ls vkarfjd
Årdksa dh j{kk djrk
gSA
• foVkfeu Mh dk
la”ys’k.k djuk blh dk
dk;Z gSA
• Roph; xzgf.kdkvksa dk
{ks= tSls nnZ] nkc
vkfn dks eglwl djuk
vkSj ilhus vkSj
rSyh;xzafFk;ksa dk ik;k
tkuk
 The Skeletal System
dadky ra=
– Protects and supports
body organs
– “kjhj ds vaxksa dh
j{kk vkSj lg;ksx djuk
– Provides a framework
for muscles
– eka”kisf”k;ksa dks
:ijs[kk iznku djuk
– Blood cells formed
within bones
– jDrdksf”kdkvksa dk
fuekZ.k djuk
– Stores minerals
 The Muscular System
eka”kis”kh; ra=
– Allows manipulation of
environment
– Ik;kZoj.k esa cnyko dh
vuqefr nsrk gSA
– Locomotion
– xfr iznku djuk
– Facial expression
– psgjs ds Hkko cnyuk
– Maintains posture
– vklu dks ,d tSlk cuk, j[kuk
– Produces heat
– m’ek mRiUu djuk
 The Nervous System
raf=dk ra=
• Fast-acting control system
• rsth ls dk;Z dks fu;af=r
djus dk ra= gSA
• Responds to internal and
external changes
• vkarfjd vkSj ckgjh
ifjorZuks ds izfr tokcns;
gksrk gSA
 The Endocrine System
var%lzkohxzaFkh; ra=
• Glands secrete
hormones that regulate
• xzafFk;ka gkeksZu dk
lzko djrh gSa tks
fu;af=r djrk gS
– Growth c<+Uks
– Reproduction tuu
– Nutrient use iks’kd
rRoksa dk mi;ksx
 The Cardiovascular System
ân;okfgdk ra=
• Blood vessels transport blood
• jDrokfgdka, jDr dk ;krk;kr djrh gSa
– Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
– vkDlhtu vkSj dkcZuMkbZvkDlkbM ys tkrh
gSaA
– Also carries nutrients and wastes
– iks’kd rRo vkSj mRlthZ inkFkZ Hkh ys tkrh
gSaA
• Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
• ân; jDr dks jDrokfgdkvksa ds }kjk izokg
iznku djrk gSA
 The Lymphatic System
yfldk ra=
• Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels
• jDrokfgdkvksa }kjk cgk;k x;k nzo Åij mBkus
dk dk;Z djrh gSaA
• Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system
• yfldk iz.kkyh esa eyos dks u’V djukA
• Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes)
• “osrjDrdksf”kdkvksa dk ?kj
• Mounts attack against foreign substances in the
body
• “kjhj esa mifLFkr fotkrh; rRoksa ij p<+dj
geyk djukA
yfldk ra=
 The Respiratory System
“o”ku ra=

• Keeps blood supplied with

oxygen
• jDrifjlapj.k dks vkDlhtu ;qDr
cuk, j[kuk
• Removes carbon dioxide
• dkcZuMkbZvkDlkbM dks
“kjhj ls ckgj fudkyuk
• Gas exchange occurs through
walls of air sacs in the lungs
• xSlksa ds fofue; dks]
QsQM+ks esa
ok;qdwfidkvksa dh nhokjksa
 The Digestive System
ikpu ra=

• Breaks down food into

absorbable units
• Hkkstu dks vo”kks’k.k ;ksX;
bdkb;ksa esa foHkkftr
djukA
• Indigestible foodstuffs
eliminated as feces
• vikP; HkksT; inkFkksZa dks
ey ds :Ik eas “kjhj ls ckgj
djukA
 The Urinary System
ew=.k ra=
• Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
• ukbVªªkstuh dpjs dks
“kjhj ls fudkyukA
• Regulates water,
electrolyte, and acid-base
balance
• ty] fo|qrvi?kV~; vkSj
vEy&{kkj dh lkE;koLFkk
dk fu;a=.k cuk, j[kukA
 Reproductive System
tuu ra=
• Overall function is to produce offspring
• larfr mRiUu djuk bl ra= dk dqy feykdj dk;Z
gSA
• Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
• o`’k.k “kqdzk.kq vkSj iq#’k lsDl gkeksZu dk
mRiknu djrs gSaA
• Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
• vaMk”k; vaMs vkSj efgyk lsDl gkeksZu mRiUu
djrs gSaA
• Mammary glands produce milk
• Lru xzafFk;ka nqX/k dk mRiknu djrh gSaA
Anatomical Position
anterior view
Anatomical Position
anterior view
Anatomical Position
posterior view
Anatomical Position
posterior view
 Directional Terms
• Inferior v/kj (or caudal) describes a position
below or lower than another part of the body
proper; near or toward the tail (in humans,
the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal
column). The pelvis is inferior to the
abdomen.
• Lateral ik”ohZ; describes the side or direction
toward the side of the body. The thumb
(pollex) is lateral to the digits.
 Directional Terms
• Distal nwjLFk describes a position in a limb
that is farther from the point of attachment or
the trunk of the body. The crus is distal to the
femur.
• Superficial lrgh describes a position closer to
the surface of the body. The skin is superficial
to the bones.
• Deep xgjkbZ describes a position farther from
the surface of the body. The brain is deep to
the skull.
 Directional Terms
• Medial e/;orhZ describes the middle or
direction toward the middle of the body. The
hallux is the medial toe.
• Proximal lehiLFk describes a positionin a limb
that is nearer to the point of attachment or
the trunk of the body. The brachium is
proximal to the antebrachium.
 Directional Terms
• Anterior vxz v/kj (orventral) Describes the
front or direction toward the front of the
body. The toes are anterior to the foot.
• Posterior i`’Bh; (or dorsal) Describes the back
or direction toward the back of the body. The
popliteus is posterior to the patella.
• Superior Åijh (orcranial) describes a position
above or higher than another part of the body
proper. The orbits are superior to the oris.
Body Cavities
 Functions
• These cavities contain and protect delicate
internal organs, and the ventral cavity allows
for significant changes in the size and shape of
the organs as they perform their functions.
• The lungs, heart, stomach, and intestines, for
example, can expand and contract without
distorting other tissues or disrupting the
activity of nearby organs.
 KEY TERMS
• Abdominopelvic cavity - division of the
anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the
abdominal and pelvic viscera
• Anabolism _ assembly of more complex
molecules from simpler molecules
• Anatomical position - standard reference
position used for describing locations and
directions on the human body
• Anatomy - science that studies the form and
composition of the body’s structures