AIRCRAFT FASTENERS

• Fasteners, or fastening devices, are used to

create secure joints between two or more
components (screw, bolts, nuts, studs etc)
• .Types of fastening devices, used on aircraft,
vary in accordance with the materials, which
require joining, and the importance of the
joined components, or structures, to the
safety of the aircraft.
• The environment in which the joint must
operate and the frequency (and ease) with
which the joint may need to be disassembled,
for inspection, replacement or repair, will also
influence the choice of fasteners to be
employed. Fasteners may be metallic or non-
metallic (or composites of both types). They
may be flexible or rigid (or a combination of
both) and may be used to form the three basic
categories of joints.
• TEMPORARY JOINTS
• Temporary joints are used where the joint can be disassembled
without damage and where, usually, the same fastener can be
used to reassemble the joint. Bolts and nuts, circlips and quick-
release fasteners are, typically, used in temporary joints.
• PERMANENT JOINTS
• Permanent joints are those which are not intended to be
disassembled on a frequent basis (if at all), and are joints where
either the fastening medium or the joined components will
suffer damage in their separation. Adhesives, rivets and welds
are examples of uses of permanent joints.
• FLEXIBLE JOINTS
• Flexible joints allow movement of the joined components
relative to each other. Anti-vibration mounts, universal couplings
and hinges are devices which may be employed in flexible joints.
•
• Whatever fasteners are used, to make a particular joint, it must
be ensured that only the approved materials are utilised and
that their legality is confirmed. This can be done by reference to
published Part Numbers, which are to be found in Aircraft
Maintenance Manuals, Wiring Diagrams, Structural Repair
Manuals, Illustrated Parts Catalogues (also called Illustrated
Parts Lists) and other, approved, publications.

• The use of non-approved fasteners can lead to expensive and,

possibly, fatal failures in aircraft and their associated structures.
1. Threaded fasteners: (screw, bolts, nuts ets)
2. Turn lock fasteners: they permit quick opening
& closing of panels for inspection & servicing.
( Dzus, cam lock, airlock fasteners etc)
Threads terminology
Threads terminology
Thread: A region of uniform section in the form of
helix on external or internal surface of the
cylinder.
Internal threads: Threads on internal side diameter of
a member. (nut)
External threads: Threads on external side diameter
of a member. (bolts, screw etc)
Crest: It is the point where two sides/ flanks of a
thread join.
Root : It is the point where two sides/ flanks of two
adjacent threads join.
Axis of thread: An imaginary center line passing
through the thread.
Threads terminology (cont..)
Major diameter: Radial distance from crest to
crest.
Minor diameter: Radial distance from root to root.
Note that both the diameters are perpendicular to
the axis of thread.
Apex: Imaginary point of intersection of sides/
flanks. (in case of square threads there is no
apex)
Thread angle: Angle b/w two adjacent flanks.
Flank angle: It is half to the thread angle .
Threads terminology (cont….)
Lead: The axial distance, the thread advances in one
complete revolution.
Pitch: the axial distance b/w two adjacent crests.
TPI: No. of threads per inch.( TPI= 1/ pitch)
TPI of fine threads is more while that of course
threads is smaller.
Right hand thread: one that advances into/onto
mating parts when turn clockwise.(tighten when
turned in c.w direction)
Left hand thread: one that advances into/onto mating
parts when turn counter clockwise. tighten
when turned in c.c.w direction)
Threads terminology (cont….)
Plus threads: Threads which protrude physically
with reference to shank level.
Minus threads: threads which are below shank
level.
Even threads: both the shank & threads are in
level.
Purpose of thread:
1. To hold parts together
2. To transmit motion
3. To transmit power
Comparison b/w coarse and fine pitch:
Coarse pitch:
• less numbers of threads per inch
• greater distance b/w two consecutives crests so
greater pitch and hence greater lead.
• less minor diameter and hence less strength
Fine pitch:
• greater number of threads per inch
•Smaller distance b/w two consecutives crests so
smaller pitch and hence smaller lead.
• greater minor diameter and hence greater strength
Threads types
1. Square threads:
2. ACME threads: (thread angle is 29 degree)
3. Buttress thread: (thread angle is 45 degree)
Note: All these threads are powered threads.
(mainly for power transmission i.e (as may be
seen in lathes, vices and Flap Jacks)
4. V thread: most common, primarily used for
(fastening) joining surfaces.
Thread systems
1. British standards:
a. British standard withworth threads:
• Thread angle is 55 degree
• Equally rounded at crest & root
• Good fatigue resistance due to rounded crest and roots.
• Used where vibration is minimum.
b. British standard fine threads:
• Thread angle is 55 degree
• Equally rounded at crest & root
• Pitch is fine comparatively to that of B.S.W i.e a screw will
have more threads per inch for the same screw diameter of
BSW.
• Good resistance to vibrations.
• Most commonly use on British aircrafts.
Thread systems
1. British standards:
c. British Association (BA) threads:
• Thread angle is 47.5 degree (rest same to BSW
& BSF)
• Fine threads
• Equally rounded at crest & roots.
• Used in instruments & electrical equipments
(watches etc)
Thread systems
2. United state standards:
• Commonly known as American National
standard. There are two series.
a) American national course thread:
• Thread angle is 60 degree
• Course threads
• Root is thicker than crest.
• Used where vibrations are minimum &
disassembly of part is frequent
• It is now replaced by UNC.
Thread systems
2. United state standards:
b) American national fine thread:
• Thread angle is 60 degree
• Fine threads
• Root is thicker than crest.
• Used where vibrations are more
• It is now replaced by UNF.
Thread systems
3.Unified screw thread standards:
• Combination of British & American standards.
a)Unified course thread:
• It Corresponds BSW & ANC series.
• It has replace ANC.
• Thread angle is 60 degree
• Root is always rounded but the crest may any
be
• Used where vibrations are minimum & removal
installation are frequent.
Thread systems
3.Unified screw thread standards:
• Combination of British & American standards.
b)Unified fine thread:
• It Corresponds BSF & ANF series.
• It has replace ANF.
• Thread angle is 60 degree
• Root is always rounded but the crest may any
be
• Used where vibrations are more.
Thread systems
4. Metric system:
• In this system the diameter & pitch are
expressed in millimeters.
• TPI is replaced by TPMM.
• Thread angle is 60 degree.
• Roots & crest are flattened equally.
• Metric course has less while metric fine has
more TPMM.
Types of fits
Fit:
• The rang of tightness is called fit.
1. Class 1 or Loose Fit:
• The nut & bolts are tighten by fingers initially but
for final fit wee need wrench.
2. Class 2 or free fit:
• Slightly more tight than loose fit.
• Lesser allowance b/w threads of nuts & bolts.
3. Class 3 or medium fit:
• Tightness greater than class 1 & 2 fit..
• Much Lesser allowance b/w threads of nuts &
bolts. (normally used in A/c)
Types of fits
4.Class 4 or close Fit:
• The closest fit.
• Allowance is zero.
• Require a spanner to turn the nut onto a bolt.
 Tolerance:
• Permissible variation from the normal size.
• 2.312±0.002 where 2.312 is actual size & 0.004
is tolerance (related with one object)
 Allowance:
• Minimum specified difference b/w dimensions of
two mating parts. (i.e bolt & nut)
 Screw Thread Terminology
• It is often disputed as to the difference
between a bolt and a screw, but, generally, it
is accepted that a bolt is considered to be a
threaded fastener, which has a definite plain
portion on the shank, between its head and
the beginning of the thread, and is used in
conjunction with a nut, whereas a screw is
threaded all the way to the head.
• Because there are so many variations in
terminology, with the numerous
manufactures, the only safe way of describing
a threaded (or any other) fastener is to use
the correct terminology, found in the relevant
IPC, when ordering replacement items.
• When defining the length of bolts, reference
is usually made to the length of the plain
portion of the shank, of hexagonal-headed
bolts while screw lengths are designated
differently, according to their type.
Summary: (Bolt v/s Screw)
BOLTS
1. Generally used where high
strength is required
2. Thread end is always blunt
3. Thread end usually has a nut
screwed on it
4.Fairly short threaded section
5.Usually has long grip length
6. are un-tapered
SCREWS
Strength is not the deciding factor
May be blunt or pointed
May fit directly into the material
being secured
Larger threaded section
May have no clearly defined grip
length
Generally tapered, but can also be
un-tapered.
Fastening devices
 BOLT:
• Is a screw fastener which always need a nut.
• Bolt is used to hold two parts together.
• A/c bolt may be of Cd-plated nickel steel, CRS, or
aluminum alloy.
• A bolt has three parts, HEAD, SHANK & Threaded
portion.
• Head it comes in many shapes. It may be circular,
hexagonal or square.
• Shank is the thread less part of the bolt. it is also called
GRIP. Diameter of the shank is the diameter of bolt.
• Threaded portion this portion has threads. Nut rotates
on this portion.
• Length of bolt is shank length+ threaded portion length
Fastening devices
 BOLT:
• Is a screw fastener which always need a nut.
• Bolt is used to hold two parts together.
• A/c bolt may be of cd-plated nickel steel, CRS, or
aluminum alloy.
• A bolt has three parts, HEAD, SHANK & Threaded
portion.
• Head it comes in many shapes. It may be circular,
hexagonal or square.
• Shank is the thread less part of the bolt. it is also called
GRIP. Diameter of the shank is the diameter of bolt.
• Threaded portion this portion has threads. Nut rotates
on this portion.
• Length of bolt is shank length+ threaded portion length
Fastening devices
 Bolt identification:
• Most bolts used in aircraft structure are either
general purpose, AN bolts or NAS internal
wrenching bolts or close tolerance bolts or MS
bolts.
• In certain cases, aircraft manufacturers make
special bolts for a particular application
(greater in strength than the standard types).
Such bolts are identified by letter “ s ” stamped
on the head.
Fastening devices
 Bolt identification by head markings:
• Bolts are identified from markings on their head.
 if cross or asterik on head then it is steel bolt.
 If single dash then CRS bolt.
 If Double dash then bronze (Cu+ tin)
 If Triangle on head then close tolerance bolt.
 Bolt identification by head markings
• Information regarding diameter , length may be obtained from the bolt part
number.
Lets the part number is AN3 DD 5A where
• AN Air force navy or Army navy
• 3  Dia of shank in 16th of inch (3/16)
• DD. aluminum alloy 2024 , D for aluminum alloy 2017
• 5 length in 8 of inch (5/8)
• A shank without drill
Fastening devices
 Bolt identification:
let the part number is AN3 DD H17
H it shows that the head is drilled.
A A absence so shank drilled.
Let the part number is AN3 DD H5A
A shows shank is without drill.
H shows bolt head is drilled.
Note: if instead of material “ –” is given it means
that the bolt is of carbon steel.
• Drilled shank = normal coding
e.g. AN24 – 15

• Un-drilled shank = A added after dash No. e.g. AN24 –

15A

Drilled head only = H added before dash No.

• (replacing dash) A added after dash No e.g. AN25 H15A

• Drilled head and shank = H added before dash No.e.g.

AN25H15
Fastening devices
 Bolt identification: (NAS Series)
let the part number is NAS3 DD 17
NAS: National A/C standard bolt.
Note : in this series both the dia and grip are in
16th of an inch.
 Bolt identification: (MS Series)
MS: Military standard bolt
Note : in this series both the dia and grip are in
16th of an inch.
Fastening devices
 TYPES OF BOLTS:
1. General purpose bolts:
• These are hex-headed bolts.
• Made of alloy steel or aluminum alloy.
• Used for general application.
Fastening devices
 TYPES OF BOLTS:
2. Close tolerance bolts:
• Used where tight fit & vibration resistance is required.
• Head may be hexagonal or counter sunk.
• Need little hammering to move in position (tapping
with12-14 oz hammer & then nut is installed)
• Triangular symbol“∆” is marked on head for
identification.
• Greasing before installation for corrosion protection &
because of close fit.
Fastening devices
 TYPES OF BOLTS:
3. Internal wrenching bolts:
• Head is normally rounded & is manufactured to
provide space for insertion of Allen keys.
• Fabricated from high strength steel.
• No alternate part # can be used because of its
head design for internal wrench.
Fastening devices
 TYPES OF BOLTS:
4.Engine bolts:
• Hex-headed bolts.
• Made of nickel steel.
• Head is thicker with small holes in all flats & in
the center of the head.
• Similar to general purpose bolts. Replaceable
with general purpose bolts.
Fastening devices
 TYPES OF BOLTS:
 Special purpose bolts:
• Designed for particular use.
• Standard bolts may stretched under tension
(e.g the shank may become weaken by
reduction in thickness) which is not the case in
these bolts.
• Usually identified by letter “ S ” stamped on the
head.
• These bolts are often held in place by a collar.
Fastening devices
 TYPES OF BOLTS:
 Special purpose bolts (cont..)
1. Clevis bolt:
• It has a domed head, a small notch b/w shank &
thread portion
• Threaded portion much smaller than shank, so freely
rotate in the hole.
• Nuts are normally not strong, safetied on with cotter
pin.
• Only bolt design for design for taking shear loads, and
not any tensile load.
• Used where shear loads occur (landing gear)
Fastening devices
 TYPES OF BOLTS:
 Special purpose bolts (cont..)
2. Jo-bolt:
• Basically it is a rivet but has been grouped in bolts.
• It is a three piece rivet. (NUT, SLEEVE, BOLT)
• Head may be hexagonal or countersunk.
• During installation, far side is Bolt head, while part
near to the technician is Nut head.
• The bolt is turned while the nut is held.
• The sleeve on the far side expand & form a shop head
Fastening devices
 Special purpose bolts (cont..)
Lock Bolts:
Lock bolts are used to permanently assemble two materials. They
are lightweight, and as strong as standard bolts.
•The pull-type lock bolt has a pulling stem on which a pneumatic
installation gun fits. The gun pulls the materials together and then
drives a locking collar into the grooves of the lock bolt. Once secure,
the gun fractures the pulling pin at its break point.
•The blind-type lock bolt is similar to most other types of blind
fasteners. To install a blind-type lock bolt, it is placed into a blind
hole and an installation gun is placed over the pulling stem. As the
gun pulls the stem, a blind head forms and pulls the materials
together. Once the materials are pulled tightly together, a locking
collar locks the bolt in place and the pulling stem is broken off.
Fastening devices
 Special purpose bolts (cont..)
Lock Bolts:
The stump-type lock bolt is installed in places
where there is not enough room to use the
standard pulling tool. Instead, the stump-type lock
bolt is installed using an installation tool similar to
that used to install Hi-Shear rivets.
Fastening devices
 Special purpose bolts (cont..)
Hi-Lock Fasteners:
• Having features of rivets as well as bolts.
• Consist of a thread pin & a threaded collar.
• Threaded collar has a hole at one end for insertion of
Allen key while the other end is threaded internally to
rotate on threaded pin.
• Once the thread collar is tighten to the appropriate
torque value, the part made for insertion of allen key
shears off, leaving only the locking collar.
Fastening devices
 Special purpose bolts (cont..)
Hi-Lock Fasteners:
Fastening devices
 Special purpose bolts (cont..)
Hi-LITE Fasteners:
• Similar to Hi-Lock except they are of smaller
grip length.
• Made of lighter material, so having exceptional
strength to weight ratio.
AIRCRAFT NUTS
• Nut is the female part of the bolt and is having internal
threads. All the nuts used in aircraft construction must
have some sort of locking devices to prevent them
from loosening & failing off due to continues vibration.
• Some nuts are locked by the use of cotter pins for
extra hold while others have some sort of spring to
hold them tight against the threads.
AIRCRAFT NUTS
• Aircraft nuts are divided into two groups.
1. Non-self locking nut
2. Self locking nut
AIRCRAFT NUTS
1. Non-self locking nut
• Require some external means (cotter pins, spring
washer, check nut) to keep it in contact.
• Normally material of nut should be the same as that of
bolt. If of different material then galvanic corrosion
may take place.
• Non self locking nut are further divided into:
a. PLAIN NUT:
• As they are plane, have no mean for safteying by
cotter pins, therefore are use with a spring type lock
washer.
AIRCRAFT NUTS
1. Non-self locking nut
b. CHECK NUT:
• Primarily used as locking device for plane nut, eye bolt
c. CASTLE NUT:
• Used in conjunction with drilled shank bolt.
• locked by split pin
• Carries both tensile and shear loads.
d. SHEAR CASTELATED NUT:
• Thinner than castle nut.
• Used with clevis bolts which carry large shear loads.
AIRCRAFT NUTS
1. Castle & shear Castellated nut:
AIRCRAFT NUTS
1. Non-self locking nut
e. WING NUT:
• Used where desired tightness can be obtained by
fingers. (No usage of tools)
• Used on parts which required quick removal &
installation.
AIRCRAFT NUTS
1. Non-self locking nut
f. SLOTTED ENGINE NUT:
• Used only on engine bolt.
• Has slot for cotter pin.
AIRCRAFT NUTS
2. self locking nut
• They do not require any external mean for locking/
safety.
• Should not be used in locations where there is chance
of bolt rotation.
• Further divided into i) All metal type ii) Fibrous type
i) All metal type:
• Used where temperature exceeds 250 ̊F.
a) BOOTS TYPE: it is one piece having two nuts i.e locking
nut + check nut. B/w these two is, a spring.
• Only a wrench can loosen this nut.
AIRCRAFT NUTS
2. self locking nut (Cont.)
i. All metal type:
ii. Fibrous type:
• Having a fibrous collar at the inner side. When
installed onto the bolt, the threads of bolt are forced
into tough fiber, with the result that the nut is held
tightly.
• NOTE: one time use. Also do not use in areas of
temperature more than 250 ̊F.
 STUDS
• Metal rod threaded on both ends. Having no head.
• Threaded portion goes into the main body (course
threads). Thread portion which is held in position by
nut (fine threads)
• Unthreaded portion is manufactured to be wrenched.
 STUDS TYPES
1. Standard studs:
• Plain rod with threads at both ends.
2. Wasted studs:
• Plain rods having diameter equal to the minor
diameter of threads at both ends.
• Light weighted because of less diameter of plain
portion.
3. Shoulder studs:
• Having a protruded shoulder at one end b/w plain and
threaded portion.
• Shoulder provides additional resistance to side way
stresses.
 SCREWS
• Threaded all over the length, so no shank.
• Of lower strength material in comparison with bolts.
• Also do not use any nut for safety purposes.
 TYPES OF SCREWS
1. Structural screws:
• Made of alloy steel. They are of bolt strength.
• Used in structural application, as they take loads.
2. Self taping screw:
• Made of harder metal to cut their own threads in
softer material.
 SCREWS
 TYPES OF SCREWS
3. Machine screws:
• Are for general purpose use. Do not take any load.
• Used in non structural application.
• Further divide into:
i) Fillister head machine screw: hole in head
ii) Flat head machine screws: counter sunk screw with
either 82 ̊ or 100 ̊ countersunk.
iii) Round head machine screws: slotted or recessed
head.
 LOCKING DEVICES
• The devices used for locking the fasteners, to secure
them, for the safe operation of aircraft.
• Prevent loosening or disengagement of joining parts.
1. SPLIT PIN / COTTER PIN:
• Material is CRS.
• Used in conjunction with drilled bolts & castle or
slotted nut.
• After installation , extra portion of the legs should be
cut down to avoid touching of the split pin with
washer or cleaning cloth.
• One time usable.
 LOCKING DEVICES
2. Adhesive locking:
• Adhesive (sealant) is used for tight secure / Safety.
• After tightening a nut on bolt, adhesive is applied on
the nut face & screw threads.
3. washers: prevent loosening of nuts, sinking of screws.
provide bearing surface, prevent surface damage
i) Plain washers:
• General purpose washers. Provide smooth bearing
surface.
ii. Cup washers: provide A’dynamic smoothness &
bearing surface.
• Used with countersunk screws.
 LOCKING DEVICES
iii) Lock washers: designated to prevent loosening of nut.
• Spring washers: prevent loosening by friction.
• Shake proof washers: prevent loosening physically by
its serrated structure.
• One time use only.
iv) Tab washers: Both as washer + locking devices.
• Having tabs which holds the nut & the work piece by
bending over them.
• One time use only.
 LOCKING DEVICES
4. Locking wire:
• Metal wire of CRS material. Also called safety wire.
• Used as per manufacturer recommendations.
• Should be applied as that the wire should be in
tension when the parts tend to loosen.
• Always use double wire (twisted wires) lock, single
wire is rarely used.
• Approaching angle of wire should not be less than 45
degree axis of rotation of the locked part.
• One tome use only.
 LOCKING DEVICES
5. Lock plate:
• Made of steel material.
• One end is screwed to the body & the other end holds
the nut or bolt head.
• Can be used repeatedly.
6. Check nut:
• used in conjunction with full nut for providing extra
strength against loosening of full nut.
• Can be reused.
 2. TURN LOCK FASTENERS
• Permit frequent opening & closing of panels.
• Are tight & un-tight by just giving a turn.
• Are further classified as fallows
1. DZUS FASTENERS:
• Consist of stud, grommet and receptacle.
• Stud & grommet are installed on the removable part.
• A spring steel wire is riveted to the fixed part.
• On pressing the slotted stud over the steel wire
pushes it down.
• When the stud is turned, steel wire come up across
slot in the stud and get locked.
 2. TURN LOCK FASTENERS
• DZUS fastener
 2. TURN LOCK FASTENERS
2. CAM FASTENERS:
• Consist of stud assembly ( pin, stud, spring), grommet
and receptacle.
• Stud & grommet are installed on the removable part.
• Receptacle is slotted and riveted to the fixed part.
• When the stud is pressed and turned, the steel pin at
the end of the stud get locked into the slot in
receptacle.
 2. TURN LOCK FASTENERS
3. AIRLOCK FASTENERS:
• Consist of stud , cross pin and receptacle.
• Stud & cross pin are installed on the removable part.
• Receptacle with a slotted spring sheet riveted to the
fixed part.
• When the stud is pressed and turned, the cross pin at
the end of the stud get locked into the slotted spring
sheet in receptacle.
 RIVETS
• A rivet is a metal pin used to hold two or more metal
sheets, plates or pieces of material together.
• A rivet has a head and shank. This head is known as
manufacturing head. During holding two parts
together, another head is formed at the end of the
shank by the technician known as formed head or
shop head. This head acts in the same manner as a
nut on bolt.
• There are two types of rivets.
1. Solid shank rivets
2. Special (Blind) rivets
 TYPES OF RIVETS
1. Solid shank rivets:
• Most commonly used in aircraft structure.
• Mostly of aluminum alloy.
• Identified by their material, head type & shank (solid).
• Material is identified by marking/ symbols on rivet
head. i.e
Raised double dashes for 2024 alloy (ice box rivets)
raised dot for 2017 alloy (ice box rivets)
Dimple for 2117 alloy
raised cross for 5056 alloy
two raised dots for Monel metal
 TYPES OF RIVETS
1. Solid shank rivets:
• These rivets comes in different head style which
decide its usage. Some are as fallows
i) Counter sunk rivets:
• Used on exterior surface of A/C, because of their less
resistance to the airflow.
• Their head normally slopes at 78 ̊ to 120 ̊.
• 100 ̊ counter sunk rivets are most used.
ii) Round head rivets:
• Used on interior of A/C where clearance is available
the head & other parts.
 TYPES OF RIVETS
1. Solid shank rivets:
iii) Flat head rivets:
• Used on interior of A/C, where maximum strength is
required.
• Also used where round head rivets can’t be used
because of less clearance.
iv) Brazier head rivet:
• Used on exterior of A/C as provide less resistance to
the airflow.
• Having large head diameter thus holding thin sheets
well.
 TYPES OF RIVETS
1. Solid shank rivets:
v) Universal head rivets:
• Combination of round, Flat and & Brazier head rivets.
• Used in exterior as well as interior of A/C.
• Replacement of all protruding head rivets.
 TYPES OF RIVETS
2. Special (Blind) rivets:
• As clear from the name, these rivets are used in areas
where access is possible only on one side. Shop head
can not be seen, so called blind rivets.
• Usually shank is hallow
• They are lesser in strength as compared to the solid
shank rivets.
 TYPES OF RIVETS
Self-plugging (friction lock) rivets are fabricated in two
parts:
i) A rivet head with a hollow shank
ii) A stem that extends through the hollow shank
• The stem is pulled into the rivet shank
• The mandrel portion of the stem forces the rivet
shank to Expand forming a shop head.
• When friction (or pulling action pressure) becomes
great enough it will cause the stem to snap at a break off
groove on the stem. e.g cherry rivet
 TYPES OF RIVETS
Self-plugging (mechanical lock) rivets are similar to self
plugging (friction lock) rivets, except the manner in which
the stem is retained in the rivet sleeve.
• This type of rivet has a positive mechanical locking collar
to resist vibrations that cause the friction lock rivets to
loosen and possibly fall out.
• The mechanical locking type rivets stem breaks off flush
with the head and usually does not require further stem
trimming when properly installed. Self-plugging
(mechanical lock) rivets display all the strength
characteristics of solid shank rivets and in most can be
substituted rivet for rivet. e.g. huck lock
 TYPES OF RIVETS
Hi Shear rivets:
• The Hi-shear rivet has the same strength
characteristics as a standard AN bolt.
• The only difference between the two is that a
bolt is secured by a nut and a Hi-Shear rivet
secured by a crushed collar.
• are designed specially to take shear loads.
 Pipes & Unions
 Pipelines:
• provide space for hydraulic, fuel, oxygen movement.
• They may be rigid or flexible.
• Rigid lines are all metal lines. Made of aluminum,
aluminum alloys, steels etc. the size of rigid fluid lines
is measured by its outside diameter.
• Flexible lines are having inner tube of seamless rubber
covered with cotton or steel wire according to
pressure ranges. Size is determined by inside diameter
• All fluid lines should run below electrical lines.
• All fluid lines should be identified by color codes.
 pipes & unions
 Rigid Fluid lines:
• Generally made of aluminum alloy or stainless steel.
• In earlier days these lines were made of copper, but
due to its property of getting brittle and breakable
because of continues vibration, have replaced by
aluminum alloys & steel.
• Pure Aluminum & aluminum alloys are used for lines
carrying low pressure ( below 1500 PSI)
• Stainless steel is used for lines carrying high pressure.
 pipes & unions
 Rigid Fluid lines: (Identification)
• Rigid fluid lines are identified by the code marking on
the tube, outside diameter & wall thickness.
• In case of aluminum tube lining, alloy designation is
stamped on the surface. On small alloy tubing, instead
of alloy designation, color bands are marked for
different alloys. These color bands are upto 4 inches in
width.
• Replacing of a line should be identified by comparing
the outside diameter & wall thickness of the tubing.
 pipes & unions
 Flexible Fluid hoses:
• These hoses consist of an inner lining and outer covering.
• They are of two basic types.
1. Synthetic rubber Hose:
• In these hoses the inner tube consist of synthetic rubber
(Neoprene, Buna-N, Butyl rubber).
• For skydrol , the inner lining should be of Butyl rubber, while
for petroleum products it should be Neoprene.
2. Teflon ( PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene)
• Almost used for all liquids as material of inner tube.
• Shows no resistance to fluid flow
• Much more resistance to expansion, because of its chemical
structure, & has limitless shelf life & service life.
 pipes & unions
 LAY LINE:
• colored line running along the length of hoses,
showing different information regarding
identification of hose.
• It is also called as fitting line or index line.
• Should be straight (for proper installation)
always and should not be spiral.
• For flexible hoses , slack should be in the range
of 5% to 8 % of hose length.
 pipes & unions
 Flaring:
• Expanding the end of a tube in order to produce a
tight seal when coupled to another unit.
• Is done to prevent slipping of tube out of fittings.
(clamping)
• Flare angle in a/c fittings is 37 degree.
• There are two types of flares in A/c tubings.
1. Single flare: for steel
2. Double flares: for light metals e.g aluminum alloys.
 pipes & unions
 Flaring:
 pipes & unions
 Quick-disconnect couplings:
• For quick disconnect of a line without the loss of fluid
or entrance of any FOD.
• Each coupling assy. Consist of two halves held by a
union nut.
• Each half contains a V/V, which remain open when the
coupling is connected and get close as the coupling is
disconnected.
• The v/v is closed by a spring in each half when the
coupling is disconnected.
 pipes & unions
 Universal fitting:
• Some special installation requires certain degree of
flexibility.
• Either use with stationary or moving parts.
• Universal fittings used with moving parts are also
called Banjo fittings.