7777

EXPLORING
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
STRESS AND COPING
STRESS
- is any event or circumstance that threatens the
individual and requires some form of coping reaction
COPING
- is the attempt by an individual to deal with the source
of stress and control his or her reactions to it.
WHAT IS ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR?
Abnormal behavior used several different

approaches to try to define and understand the
different between normal and abnormal behavior.
The Four Models of Abnormal Behavior
Statistical Method
- it defines behavior as behavior that differs significantly from the way
most people do things.
Medical Model
- this is approach that consider behavior to be result of internal conditions
or motivation.
Behavioral Model
- behaviorist believe that abnormal behaviors-defined-are caused by
patterns of conditioning and learning.
Legal Model
- legal model of abnormality centers on maintaining social norms.
ANXIETY DISORDER
Anxiety
-it is feeling of dread, apprehension, or fear. It is accompanied
by physiological arousal, manifested, as increased heart rate,
perspiration, muscle tension, and rapid breathing
Anxiety Disorder
-refer to the group of mental
disorder (panic attack, phobias, obsessions,
and compulsions) characterized by
emotional distress caused by feelings of
vulnerability, apprehension, or fear.
Neurotic
-refers to disorders that are
relatively mild and do not involve losing
touch the reality. The neurotic person is
still able to perceive that world with
reasonable clarify, even though he or she
is often troubled and unhappy.
Five relatively common anxiety
Generalized Anxiety- it is characterized by diffuse and persistent

apprehension.
Panic Attack- it is an episode of acute and overwhelming tension

experienced by those with generalized anxiety
Phobic Disorder- its is the fear of, and consequent attempt to

avoid specific objects or situation
Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder- these are disorder characterized by
the presence of persistent unwantend thoughts, urges, and action .
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder- this is a state of anxiety, depression and

psychological “numbering” following exposure to a severe trauma, such as
warfare, rape, and the violent death of a loved one, or catastrophic natural
disaster.
Social Anxiety Disorder- also called social phobia

- intense anxiety or fear of
being judged, negatively evaluated or rejected in a social
or performance situation
Mood(Affective) Disorders:
Depression
Affective disorders are disturbance of mood.
Everyone’s emotional feelings tend to rise and fall from time to time. But when
people experience extremes of mood– wild elation or deep depression—for long
period, when they shift from one mood extreme to another, they are said to
show a mood disorder also known as affective disorder.
Depression in the normal individual is a state

of despondency characterized by feelings of
inadequacy, learned activity, and pessimism
about the future.
Depression in pathological cases is an extreme state of unresponsiveness to

stimuli, together with self-depreciation, delusions of inadequacy and
hopelessness.
These are two major types of affective or mood
disorders that each involves depression:
Bipolar disorders and Depressive disorders.

Bipolar Disorders
Some people still refer to Bipolar Disorders as Manic/Depressive Disorders, But
this term is outdated. The disorder is referred to as bipolar because patient’s behavior
vacillates between to extremes—from mania to depression.
The manic phrase is characterized by rapid speeds, inflated self-esteem,

distractibility, impulsiveness and decreased need for sleep. Patients with a Bipolar
Disorder are easily distracted, get angry when things do not go their way and often
seem to have a boundless energy.
A manic episode in these patient is sometimes

followed by depression: the person becomes
depressed, moody, sad, lacks energy and feels
hopeless.
As between episodes of excitements and depression, patients can be relatively

normal for a few days, weeks or months; or they can rapidly vacillate between
excitement and depression.
Depressive Disorder
The key component of Bipolar Disorders is a shift from mania or excited states to
depressive state of sadness and hopelessness. People diagnosed as suffering from
Depressive Disorders , especially Major Depression, show no such vacillation.
The essential characteristics of Major Depression are a depressed, sad, hopeless mood
and a loss of interest in all or almost all usual activities and past times.
People experience a Major Depression show at least some impairment of social and
occupational functioning, although their behavior is not necessarily overtly bizzare.
Depressed individuals experience symptoms such as poor appetite, weight loss,

insomnia, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness, intense guilt feelings, inability to
concentrate, difficulty sleeping and sometimes even thoughts of death and suicide.
They withdraw from social and physical contact with other people and may be slow
in movement and speech.
Most people who exhibit symptoms of a Major Depression are able to describe their
reasons for feeling sad and dejected, but they may be unable to explain why their
response is so deep and so prolonged.
Symptoms of Environmental
Schizophrenia 1 12 factors
Thought
Disorder 2 11 Biological
Factors
Causes of
Perceptual
Disorders 3 10 Schizophrenia
Disorder of
Affect 4 9 Undifferentiated
Schizophrenia
Types of
Schizophrenia 5 8 Catatonic
Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Schizophrenia 6 7 Paranoid
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a group of
disorders characterized by thought
disturbance that may be
accompanied by delusions,
hallucinations, attention deficits,
and a bizzare motor activity.
It is a psychotic disorder, one that
is characterized by a generalized
failure of functioning in all areas of
a person’s life.
Thought
Factors
Causes of
Perceptual
Disorder of
Schizophrenia
Types of
Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Schizophrenia
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
The symptoms of
schizophrenia tend to
vary from one patient
to next. Despite
differences, however, a
number of symptoms
are common to all
forms of schizophrenia.
These include the
following:
Thought
Factors
Causes of
Perceptual
Disorder of
Schizophrenia
Types of
Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Schizophrenia
Thought disorder
•One of the first signs that a person may be suffering from schizophrenia is
difficulty in maintaining logical thought and coherent conversation.
•People with schizophrenia show disordered thinking, and their memory is

often impaired.
•The thought and conversation of people with schizophrenia are characterize by

random changes in topic and lack both meaning and order.
•Often suffer from delusions, concepts, ideas, and symbols to schizophrenics

are sometimes thrown together merely because of rhyme.
•Such a series of rhyming or similar-sounding words is called a clang

association.
•For example, a schizophrenic patient says: “Well, when you go to the next
planet from the planet beyond the planet that landed on the danded and
planded on the slanded.”
Thought
Factors
Causes of
Perceptual
Disorder of
Schizophrenia
Types of
Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Schizophrenia
Perceptual Disorders
•In addition to experiencing delusions, schizophrenics perceive the external
world abnormally. They consistently report hallucinations, or distortions of
sensory perceptions– most commonly, auditory, somatic, and tactile
hallucinations.
•On auditory hallucinations, the patient imagines hearing voices originating

outside his or head. The voice may comment in the patient’s behavior. They may
direct the patient to behave in certain ways.
•Tactile hallucinations may be felt as tingling or burning sensations
•Somatic hallucinations may be reported as the sensation of snakes crawling

under the abdomen.
•Hallucinations, probably have a biological basis and are caused by abnormal

brain responses.
Thought
Factors
Causes of
Perceptual
Disorder of
Schizophrenia
Types of
Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Schizophrenia
Disorder of affect
(Emotional disorders))
•One of the most striking characteristics of schizophrenia is the display of
inappropriate emotional responses, or affect.
•For example, a patient with schizophrenia may become depressed and cry
when her favorite food falls on the floor, yet the death of a close friend or
relative may appear as hysterically funny.
•Some patients with schizophrenia show no emotion(either appropriate or

inappropriate) and seem incapable of experiencing a normal range of feeling.
•They show blank, expressionless faces even when presented with a

deliberately provocative remark or situation.
Thought
Factors
Causes of
Perceptual
Disorder of
Schizophrenia
Types of
Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Schizophrenia
Types of Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is divided into four distinct types:

Disorganized, Paranoid, Catatonic and Undifferentiated.
Thought
Factors
Causes of
Perceptual
Disorder of
Schizophrenia
Types of
Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Schizophrenia
Disorganized Schizophrenia
•The Disorganized Type of Schizophrenia is characterized by severely
disturbed thought processes.
•Patients have hallucinations and delusions and are frequently incoherent.
•They may exhibit bizzare affect and experience periods of giggling, crying, and/or
irritably for no apparent reason.
•Their behavior can be silly, inappropriate or even obscene.
•Such patients often lack good personal hygiene.
•They exhibit disintegration of normal personality, a loss of reality testing, and have
a poor prognosis.
Thought
Factors
Causes of
Perceptual
Disorder of
Schizophrenia
Types of
Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Schizophrenia
Paranoid Schizophrenia
•Paranoid schizophrenic holds false beliefs, or delusions, that seriously distort
reality.
•Most often, these are beliefs in the exceptional importance of oneself, so-called
delusions of grandeur .
•These are often accompanied by delusions that, because one is so important,

others are “out to get me” in attempts to thwart the individual’s important missions,
known as delusions of persecution.
•The paranoid schizophrenics trust no one and are constantly watchful, convinced
that others are plotting against them. They may seek to retaliate against supposed
tormentors.
Thought
Factors
Causes of
Perceptual
Disorder of
Schizophrenia
Types of
Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Schizophrenia
Catatonic Schizophrenia
•Catatonic schizophrenia is quite different in appearance from other forms of
schizophrenia.
•While catatonics sometimes experience delusions and hallucinations, their most

obvious abnormalities are in social interaction and posture and body movement.
•Catatonic schizophrenics spend long period in an inactive, statue like state in which
they seem locked into a posture.
•They are often said to exhibit “waxy flexibility” during these stupors.
•Often they cease to talk, appear not to hear what is spoken to them, and may no
longer eat without being fed.
•Frequently, however, the stupor is abruptly broken by periods of agitation. They

may talk and shout continuously, may engage in seemingly uninhibited, agitated
and aggressive motor activity or may attack others.
Thought
Factors
Causes of
Perceptual
Disorder of
Schizophrenia
Types of
Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Schizophrenia
Undifferentiated Schizophrenia
•This is the catchall category, to which all persons who do not fit neatly under
the other headings are assigned.
•It includes schizophrenics who demonstrate disturbances of thought, perception,

and emotion, but not the features peculiar to the other types.
Thought
Factors
Causes of
Perceptual
Disorder of
Schizophrenia
Types of
Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Schizophrenia
Causes of Schizophrenia
There is probably more research on the causes of schizophrenia than on any
other form of behavior disorder. Though scientists are still far from their goal,
one thing is certain, no single theory can be adequately account for all forms
of schizophrenia.
Thought
Factors
Causes of
Perceptual
Disorder of
Schizophrenia
Types of
Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Schizophrenia
Biological factors
•Studies of schizophrenics have consistently shown that this disorder runs in

families; that is, blood relatives of schizophrenics are more likely to develop
the condition than are people from families free of schizophrenia.
•Researches have discovered that chemicals in the bloodstream may contribute to

the development of schizophrenia. Too much or too little of some type of brain
substance, or the presence or absence of a particular type of chemical in the brain,
occurs in cases of schizophrenia.
•One relatively new hypothesis, called the viral hypothesis, states that
schizophrenic symptoms maybe produced by a unique virus acting on a genetic
predisposition to schizophrenia. According to this theory, people diagnosed as
having schizophrenia have contracted a virus, either before birth or at some time
during their life.
•Another cause of schizophrenia is biological predisposition in the individual,
aggravated by a climate of emotional immaturity, lack of communication, and
emotional instability.
Thought
Factors
Causes of
Perceptual
Disorder of
Schizophrenia
Types of
Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Schizophrenia
Environmental Factors
•Some psychologists believe that a person’s interactions with the
environment determine whether schizophrenia will develop.
•It is also possible that children and adults develop schizophrenia because their
home environment are not conducive to normal emotional growth.
•Studies have shown that people who develop schizophrenia tend to come from
families in which there is considerable conflict.
•The parents of such patients are generally contentious, often alcoholics, and
themselves have insecure emotional relationships.
Personality
•The combination of characteristics or qualities

that form an individual distinctive characters.
•The word personality itself stem from the latin

word “Persona”
The Psychology of Personality
Formation
•Personality is something that people tend to think a
lot about.
•When we meet new people, whether through

work,school or social events it is often their
personality on which me immediately focus.
•Whether they are nice , helpful, outgoing, or shy

are just a few by the things that we asses as we
evaluate the people around us.
Why is Personality is so Important?
•It is our personality that makes us who we are, but
how exactly do our personalities form?
•Personality development has been a major topic or

interest for some of the most prominent thinkers in
psychology since the inception of psychology as
separate. Since researchers have proposed a variety
of ideas to explain how and why personality develops.
Thought
Factors
Causes of
Perceptual
Disorder of
Schizophrenia
Types of
Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Schizophrenia

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EXPLORING

Abnormal behavior used several different

Generalized Anxiety- it is characterized by diffuse and persistent

Panic Attack- it is an episode of acute and overwhelming tension

Phobic Disorder- its is the fear of, and consequent attempt to

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder- this is a state of anxiety, depression and

Social Anxiety Disorder- also called social phobia

Depression in the normal individual is a state

Depression in pathological cases is an extreme state of unresponsiveness to

Bipolar disorders and Depressive disorders.

The manic phrase is characterized by rapid speeds, inflated self-esteem,

A manic episode in these patient is sometimes

As between episodes of excitements and depression, patients can be relatively

Depressed individuals experience symptoms such as poor appetite, weight loss,

•People with schizophrenia show disordered thinking, and their memory is

•The thought and conversation of people with schizophrenia are characterize by

•Often suffer from delusions, concepts, ideas, and symbols to schizophrenics

•Such a series of rhyming or similar-sounding words is called a clang

•On auditory hallucinations, the patient imagines hearing voices originating

•Tactile hallucinations may be felt as tingling or burning sensations

•Somatic hallucinations may be reported as the sensation of snakes crawling

•Hallucinations, probably have a biological basis and are caused by abnormal

•Some patients with schizophrenia show no emotion(either appropriate or

•They show blank, expressionless faces even when presented with a

Schizophrenia is divided into four distinct types:

•Patients have hallucinations and delusions and are frequently incoherent.

•Their behavior can be silly, inappropriate or even obscene.

•Such patients often lack good personal hygiene.

•These are often accompanied by delusions that, because one is so important,

•While catatonics sometimes experience delusions and hallucinations, their most

•Frequently, however, the stupor is abruptly broken by periods of agitation. They

•It includes schizophrenics who demonstrate disturbances of thought, perception,

•Studies of schizophrenics have consistently shown that this disorder runs in

•Researches have discovered that chemicals in the bloodstream may contribute to

•The combination of characteristics or qualities

•The word personality itself stem from the latin

•When we meet new people, whether through

•Whether they are nice , helpful, outgoing, or shy

•Personality development has been a major topic or

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