Pakistan Movement: A Historical Prospect

(Birth of Muslim Nationalism)

DR. M. UMAIR RAFIQUE

 Educational Reforms by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
(Father of Muslim Nationalism)

 IN 1864 Sir Syed founded the “Scientific Society” at Ghazipur

 The 1867 controversy between Hindi and Urdu strengthened Sir Syed Ahmed

Khan’s belief on Muslim Nationalism

 In 1871, Governer of Behar banned the use of Urdu in offices and school

 In 1886 Sir Syed Ahmad Khan founded the All India Muhammadan

Educational Conference in order to promote the educational objectives of

Aligarh Movement

 Established School in Aligarh in 1875

 Established the Muhammadan Anglo Oriental College in 1877

 Established Aligarh Muslim University in 1920

 Anjuman Himayat e Islam

 Qazi Khalifa Hameed ud Din found it in 1884

 The anjuman had following objectives:

1. To counter Christian missionary and Arya Samaj propaganda

2. To preserve Islamic values

3. To spread religious and modern education to the youth

4. Social and Cultural development

 Anjuman Himayat e Islam

 Founded Schools, Adult educational centers, orphanage, shelter for

women and famous Islamia Collage Lahore & Peshawar
 The Anjuman collects funds from its own members. It had 600
members in 1885
 After the establishment of its credentials rulers from, Hyderabad
Dakan, Bahawalpur, Bhopal and Rampur also started to contribute
 Notable Scholars presided annual sessions.
1. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
2. Moulana Shibli Nomani
3. Alama Iqbal
 Resurgence of Muslim Political Force

 Establishment of Indian National Congress in 1885 by A.O Hume

 Urdu Defense Association was formed in May 1900 at Aligarh

 Partition of Bengal & its Aftermaths (1905)

 In 1905 Lord Curzon dived Bengal in two provinces for administrative reasons

 Hindu Community rejected the partition

 Protest began from Kali temple in Kolkata

 All key posts were held by the Hindu community in administration

1. Lawyers
2. Doctors
3. Professors
 Partition of Bengal & its Aftermaths (1905)

 New province means new courts, hospitals, universities, administrative jobs which

would be beneficial for Muslim majority in East Bengal

 Sir Banpflyde Fuller became governor of East Bengal

 New Viceroy Lord Minto removed him under the presser of agitation

 Violent protests started and two Successive Viceroy were attacked with their wives

1. Lord & Lady Minto in 1909 at Ahmadabad

2. Lord & Lady Hardinge in 1912 at Delhi

 Train and Telegraph lines were cut on regular basis

 There were 03 attempts to derail the train and 12 attempts to bomb it

 Public Prosecutor and deputy supredentend of Behar were killed

 Resurgence of Muslim Political Force

 The Shimla Deputation

• In October 1906 a deputation of 35 Muslim leaders lead by Sir Agha Khan III meet
Lord Minto

• The Delegation presented a memorial signed by over fourteen hundred thousand

Muslims for the civil and political rights

• Important Demands from deputation were:

1. Separate Electorates for Muslims

2. Share in Government Services (Judiciary ,Civil Services)

3. Weightage in representation (For Minority Provinces)

4. Elevation of Aligarh Collage to the status of University

 Resurgence of Muslim Political Force

 All India Muslim League

 All India Muslim League was formed in annual session of All India Muslim
Educational Conference in December 1906
 Nawab Waqar ul Mulk and Nawab Saleemullah (Nawab of Dacca) played
key role in creation of AIML
 Aims and Objectives

1. To end the miss conception of disloyalty of Indian Muslims

2. To protect and represent the civil & political rights and of Muslims of
India
3. To prevent the Muslim hostility towards other communities
 Resurgence of Muslim Political Force

 Membership of AIML

 The member of AIML were limited to 400.

 Member had to over 25 years of age

 Literate in Indian Language

 Have an annual income of more then Rs. 500

 Be able to pay Rs. 25 as entry fees

 Rs. 25 was an annual subscription fee

 Revised aims and objectives in 1912

 To promote the feeling of loyalty among people towards British crown

 To protect and advance the political and civil rights of Muslims of India

 To attain a system of self-government suitable to India through constitutional means

 Resurgence of Muslim Political Force

 Delhi Darbar (1911)

 King George V visited India in 1911 and held court in

Delhi. He made two announcements

1. The partition of Bengal was annulled

2. The capital was re-located in Delhi

 Resurgence of Muslim Political Force

 Lackhnow Pact (1916)

• The pact is known as a symbol to Hindu-Muslim unity
• Both communities agreed to struggle against British rule
• Congress agreed to separate electorates and weightage.
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah called (Ambassador to Hindu-
Muslim Unity)
• Gandhi never endorsed it. therefore this pact didn’t last
longer
 Resurgence of Muslim Political Force

 The Khilafat Movement 1918-1924

 In 1919 the movement started against the British proposal to
deprive powers from ottomans
 The movement called for the boycott of European goods &
Non cooperation
 Mr. Jinnah supported following points

1. Surrendering of Titles
2. Serving in Mesopotamia
3. Refusal to attending official durbars
 Resurgence of Muslim Political Force

 The Khilafat Movement 1918-1924

 Mr. Jinnah Refused following points

1. Boycott of School & Collages

2. Boycott of law courts
3. Boycott of foreign goods

 Reasons of failure
 Moplah’s uprising in (1921)

 The Chauri Chaura incident (1923)

 Abolition of Caliphate (1924)

 Resurgence of Muslim Political Force

 Delhi Muslim Proposal (1927)

 Congress approached Mr. Jinnah after understanding that their party is ineffectual

in the Indian legislation assembly

 Two third majority was required for constitutional amendment and one third

majority was necessary for amendments regarding provinces

 The following proposals were formulated and Muslims agreed on joint electorates.

1. Sindh should be separate from Bombay and form as a new province

2. NWFP and Baluchistan should become full provinces

3. In central legislature Muslims should have one third representation

 Resurgence of Muslim Political Force

 In response Muslims agreed to give up the separate electorates in form of

the reservation of seats. Both agreed to speed up the process of libration
through cooperation.

 unfortunately Hindu fundamentalists only accepted the Muslim give-up

of separate electorates and rejected the demands.

 The Mahasabha party started propaganda against Pundit Motilal Nehru

 The British also opposed the idea and adopted Simon commission to
supplant the cooperation between Hindu-Muslim agreement
Simon Commission and its Aftermaths

 British government sent Simon Commission in 1927.

 Most of the Indian political parties decided to boycott the Commission on the plea that it

lacked Indian representation.

 Lord Birkendhead, Secretary of State for Indian Affairs, challenged the Indians, “If they

have any political capability and competence then they should form a unanimous

constitution and present it to us and we will implement it.”

 Indian political parties accepted the challenge and called an All Parties Conference at

Delhi in January 1928. The conference was attended by around hundred delegates from

all the important parties.

 In third session of the All Parties Conference held at Bombay in May 1928 a seven

members committee under the chairmanship of Motilal Nehru was formed to determine

the basic features of the future constitution of India.

 Nehru Report (1928)

 Nehru presented his report known as Nehru Report. The main features of the Nehru Report
were as under:
1. “India should be given the status of a dominion.
2. There should be federal form of government with residuary powers vested in the center
3. India should have a parliamentary form of government headed by a Prime Minister and six
ministers appointed by the Governor General.
4. There should be a bi-cameral legislature.
5. There should be no separate electorate for any community
6. System of weightage for minorities was as bad as that of separate electorates
7. Reservation of Muslim seats could be possible in the provinces where Muslim population
was at least 10 percent, but this was to be in strict proportion to the size of the community
8. Muslims should enjoy one/fourth representation in the Central Legislature
9. Sindh should be separated from Bombay only if the certified that it was financially self-
sufficient
10. The N.W.F.P should be given full provincial status.
11. A new Kanarese-speaking province Karnatik should be established in South India.
12. Hindi should be made the official language of India”.
 Aftermaths of Nehru Report

 The report was not acceptable to Muslims and both the Muslim members of the

Committee did not sign it. In the fourth session of the All Parties Conference
convened in December to review the Nehru Report, Jinnah representing the Muslim
League presented following four amendments in the report:

1. There should be no less than one/third representation in the Central Legislature.

2. In event of the adult suffrage not being established, Punjab and Bengal should
have seats reserved on population basis for the Muslims.

3. The form of the constitution should be federal with residuary powers vested in the
provinces.

4. Sind should immediately be made a separate province and the reforms should
also be introduced in NWFP and Baluchistan at the earliest.
 Aftermaths of Nehru Report

 Jinnah’s proposals were rejected in All Parties Conference.

 The Congress managed to get the majority vote in favor of the Report. They

asked the Government to make a constitution till December 31 according to

the recommendations of Nehru Report and threatened that otherwise the
party would start a mass movement for the attainment of Swaraj.

 Jinnah considered it as the “parting of the ways” and once the

“Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity” was now convinced that the Hindu

mindset in India was bent upon pushing the Muslim minority to the wall.
 The Fourteen Points (1929)

 Federal System: The form of the future constitution should be federal with

the residuary powers vested in the provinces.

 Provincial Autonomy: A uniform measure of autonomy shall be granted to

all provinces.

 Representation of Minorities: All legislature in center and province shall

be constituted on the definite principle of adequate and effective representation

of minorities.

 Number of Muslim Representative: In the Central Legislature, Muslim

representation shall not be less than one third.

 The Fourteen Points (1929)

 Separate Electorates: Representation of communal groups shall continue to be by

means of separate electorate as at present, it shall be open to any community at any time
to abandon its separate electorate in favor of a joint electorate.

 Muslim Majority Provinces: Any territorial distribution that might at any time be
necessary shall not in any way affect the Muslim majority in the Punjab, Bengal and the
North West Frontier Province.

 Religious Liberty: Full religious liberty, i.e. liberty of belief, worship and

observance, propaganda, association and education, shall be guaranteed to all

communities.
 The Fourteen Points (1929)

 Three-Fourth Representation: No bill or resolution shall be passed in any

legislative or any other elected body if three-fourths of the members of any

community in that particular body oppose such a bill.

 Separation of Sindh: Sindh should be separated from the Bombay

Presidency.

 Introduction of Reforms in N.W.F.P and Baluchistan: Reforms should

be introduced in the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Baluchistan on

the same footing as in the other provinces.

 The Fourteen Points (1929)

 Government Services: Provision should be made in the constitution giving Muslims

an adequate share, along with the other Indians, in all the services of the state and in local self-
governing bodies having due regard to the requirements of efficiency.

 Protection of Muslim's culture and Language: The constitution should

embody adequate safeguards for the protection of Muslim culture and for the protection and
promotion of Muslim education, language, religion, personal laws and Muslim charitable
institution and for their due share in the grants-in-aid given by the state and by local self-
governing bodies.

 One-Third Muslim Ministers: No cabinet, either central or provincial, should be

formed without there being a proportion of at least one-third Muslim ministers

 Constitution: No change shall be made in the constitution by the Central Legislature

except with the consensus of the States contribution of the Indian Federation.
 Ideology of Pakistan

 Alama Iqbal is the first leader who promoted the idea of separate Muslim state in India.

 In his address to All India Muslim League Allahabad session in 1930. he spoke of the Punjab,
NWFP, Sindh and Baluchistan united in single state.

 Chaudhry Rehmat Ali coined the work Pakistan in a pamphlet called “Now or Never” issued
from London in 1933.

 British parliament took his proposal seriously and a preliminarily committee queried a number
of Muslim leaders about their view on separate Muslim state.

 Pakistan comprising Punjab, NWFP, Sindh, Baluchistan, Lucknow, Delhi and Aligarh

 Bang-e-Islam comprising Bengal and Assam

 Usmanistan under the rule of Nizam of Hyderabad

 The Government of India Act 1935

 Under the Government of India Act 1935, the British wanted the provinces and

princely states to come together under federation

1. Federal Part:

 The federal executive was to constitute a governor general and a council of ministers

 Defense, Foreign affaires, tribal area affaires and church affaires were reserved

 Transferred affaires were: education, finance, home, law, railways, commerce,

industries and labour

 There were to be two legislature:

 The council of State was the upper house, with 250 members

 The house of assembly was the lower house, with 375 members.
 The Government of India Act 1935

2. Provisional Part:

 The Governor was to act on the advise of elected Chief Minister, except in case of

special responsibility

 Six Provinces: Bengal, Bihar, Assam, UP, Bombay and Madras had two legislature

 Three new provinces were created

 NWFP was made full provinces and legislative assembly and governor

 Sindh was separated from Bombay and organized as same way as NWFP

 Orissa was separated from Behar

3. A federal court was set up to decide disputes between the federal and
provincial governments
 1937 Elections and Congress Rule

 In 1937s elections Muslim League won 104 seats out of

489 Muslim Seats.
 The congress won 711 seats out of 1585 general votes. It
was able to form government in 7 out of 11 provinces.
 Causes of Failure for AIML

 Set back during the khilafat movement

 Popularity of provincial parties. (Muslim Union Party

Sindh) (Unionist, Punjab)
 1937 Elections and Congress Rule

 Muslims Under Congress Rule

 Singing Vande Mataram became necessary for
Muslims in states
 Saluting Gandhi’s portrait in boys school
 Hindi replaced Urdu in Schools
 In UP, Hindu-Muslim riots doubled in number
 AIML Published Reports on Congress Misrule
 ‘Pirpur Report’ covered Bihar
 ‘Fazlul haq Report’ covered congress rule in general
 Revival of Muslim League

 AIML Lacknow Session 1937 organized by Nawab of

Mahmoodabad and speeded 3 million rupees for this session
 Muslim regret on not voting AIML

 World War II and viceroy's announcement that India is also

part of it
 In September 1939 Congress resigned from all its ministries
on demand for full and immediate independence
 On by elections Muslim League won 46 seats out of 56
 Steps Towards a Separate State

 On 10th October 1938 Sindh Muslim League adopted a resolution for division of

India into two federations

 On 23rd March 1940 at Lahore AIML officially adopted the Two nation theory

 Cripps Mission 1942

 Sir Stafford Cripps visited India to Bring Indian Leaders into the war efforts

 In return British government offered dominion states to India

 Congress demanded immediate power and refused it

 AIML turn down the offer as it wanted separate electorates for the Muslims
 Steps Towards a Separate State

 Quit India Movement (1942)

 Gandhi persuaded the Congress to adopt ‘Quit India Movement’

 Quaid e Azam opposed it and used the slogan ‘Divide and Quite’

 Simla Conference and 1945 Election

 Lord Wavel offered an interim government till the end of war in which only

viceroy and commander in chief remain British while executive council

would be Indian

 The negotiations failed because Mr. Jinnah stated that his party is a sole
spokesman for Indian Muslims and no other party can nominate Muslim
members of executive council of viceroy
 Steps Towards a Separate State

 General elections held in December 1945

 AIML won all 30 Muslim seats in central legislation

 AIML won 446 out of 495 seats in various provincial assemblies

 The Cabinet Mission Plan 1946

 Lord wavel sent three member cabinet delegation which offered two
options to Muslim League:
1. Pakistan with 6 provinces, part of union but with no sovereignty
2. A fully sovereign Pakistan, with Bengal and Punjab to be
partitioned
 The Cabinet Mission Plan 1946

 The cabinet mission tried to convince Mr. Jinnah for first option and stated that Indian security would

be endangered if the country was divided

 There were three groupings according to this plane

 Group A: would have all Hindu majority province: Bombay, Madras, Bihar, UP, Orrisa and central

provinces.

 Group B: consists of North-Western Muslim majority provinces: Sindh, Punjab, NWFP and

Baluchistan

 Group C: consists of North-eastern Muslim majority provinces: Bengal and Assam

 The group would form there own constitution

 A constitution for the union would be enacted at the next stage.

 A province could opt out of a group after first election under new constitution, but not before it

 The Union would have a legislature, powers of taxation, and three subjects, Defense, Communications

for Defense, and Foreign Affaires

 The Cabinet Mission Plan 1946

 The British government issued four documents on farming the constitution and formation of the
interim government in 1946

1. The main document was the Cabinet Mission Plan. It is also called the state paper of 16 May 1946

2. The 25th May 1946 statement stated clearly that the grouping of province was necessary.

 This statement was issued against stance of congress. Congress asserted that the grouping of
province is not compulsory. That a province could stay away from group from beginning

3. The 16 June 1946 statement stated short term plan, which was formation of interim government. It
stated if any party refused this plan other will form the government

4. The 6th December 1946 statement issues from London against congress view s on 16 May plane. It
stated that grouping was essential.

 AIML council accepted the plane on its 6 June 1946

 The INC accepted 16 May plan but with its own interpretation. According to INC the grouping was not
necessary and their objective was to form the interim government
 The Cabinet Mission Plan 1946

 Because of the constant rejection of groupings by congress AIML also withdrew its acceptance.

 On October 26 1946, the AIML bloc, led by Liaqat Ali Khan joined the interim government

 There was rift between both parties on the issue of grouping

 Liaqat Ali Khan as finance minister proposed heavy taxes on elite class which mostly belongs to
congress and many members of government became serious to consider partition.

 He imposed 25 per cent tax on all profits exceeding Rs.100,000. The lower class called it ‘Poor Man’s
Budget’ and welcomed it

 In 1947 Lord Mountbatten became the Viceroy on India and intended to divided it without dividing
armed forces.

 Mr. Jinnah and Liaqat Ali Khan convinced Mountbatten regarding the planned coup by Hindu
officers to prevent partition. He then agreed to divide the army

 Eventually congress agreed to the creation of Pakistan and believed that partition would be temporary.
Without industry or strong economy it would collapse.

 Partition of India (The 3 June Plan)

 It is also known as Mountbatten Plan:

1. British were to transfer powers to congress and AIML
in territorial terms
2. The princely state had option to remain independent or
become part of any state
3. On June 18 1947 the Indian Independent Act was given
royal assent by king George VI.
4. The Government of India Act 1935 would continue till
both states adopted their own constitution
5. The office of the secretary of state for India abolished
 Emergence of Pakistan

 The Radcliffe Award

 To mark the boundary between newly emerged states a boundary
commission was formed
 Sir Cyril Radcliffe was the chairmen of the commission

 In Punjab the Muslim populist divisions, Gurdaspur, Ferozpur and

Zira were given to India.
 The role of Radcliffe and Mountbatten were extremely controversial

 Radcliff's private secretary confessed the biasness of Radcliffe in

1992
Thank You