Polymers

Ahsin Mudawwam 4301418038

Rahma Annisa Izzania 4301418037
Devy Rida Blablablabla 4301418099
 Polymers
Greek poly-, “many” + -mer, “part”

IUPAC definition
A polymer is a substance composed of macromolecule is a molecule of high
relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the
multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from
molecules of low relative molecular mass.
“Polymers are giant molecules, or macromolecules.”
Polymers
Natural Polymers

Synthesis Polymers
 Natural Polymers
Polymers
Silk, muscle fibers and
Proteins enzymes

Natural
Polymers

Starch and Polysaccharides

cellulose
Synthesis
Polymers
Synthesis Polymers

Polyester Polymers
Chothes

Natural
Polymers
Vinyl
Chairs

Synthesis
Polymers

PVC
Polymers fall into three general classifications:

• elastomers, those polymers with elastic properties, like

rubber ;
• fibers, the threadlike polymers, such as cotton, silk, or nylon;
• plastics, which can be thin sheets (kitchen wrap), hard and
moldable solids (piping, children's toys), or coatings (car
finishes, varnishes).
A polymer (Greek, "many parts") is made up of thousands of repeating units of
small parts, the monomers (Greek, "one part"). In a polymerization reaction,
the first products are dimers ("two parts"), then trimers, tetramers, and finally,
after a series of reaction steps, the polymer molecules. The polymers that we
will discuss here are called addition polymers because they are formed by the
addition of monomers to each other without the loss of atoms or groups.
A synthetic polymer is usually named from the name of its
monomer prefixed with poly-. For example, ethylene
forms the simple polymer polyethylene, which is used for
things like cleaners' bags and plastic piping.
 Free-radical polymers

A common mode of polymerization of alkenes is by a free-radical path. The

polymerization is started by a catalyst or an initiator such as 2 or a peroxide.
The resulting polymer is formed by a chain-propagation process.
 Theoretically, the chain growth could go on indefinitely, which of
course does not happen. The termination steps for polymerization
are typical free- radical termination steps. Two radicals may meet
and join, or two radicals might undergo disproportionation. (The
squiggles in the following formulas are used to indicate that a
much larger molecule than shown is involved in the reaction.)
There are two ways in which propylene molecules
could join together to form polypropylene:
(1) head-to-tail, or
(2) head-to-head and tail-to-tail.
 Example of a head-to-tail polymer is Polypropylene. Let us discuss the reason
for this orientation of the monomers. A more stable free-radical inter- mediate
means a lower-energy transition state and a faster rate of reaction. Of the two
possible modes of free-radical attack, one leads to a less stable primary free
radical, while the other leads to the more stable secondary free radical. The
repetitive formation of secondary free radicals leads to a head-to-tail joining
of propylene monomers.
This is not limited to using a single monomer in the production of a
polymer. To achieve desired properties, might use a mixture of two,
three, or even more monomers. A mixture of two different
monomers results in a copolymer, such as Saran (used in kitchen
wrap).
 IONIC
ADDITION
POLYMERS
Besides free-radical addition, polymers may be formed through cationic
addition, a reaction that proceeds through a carbocation intermediate. An acid
such as H2S04 or A1C1 3 may be used to form the initial carbocation. (This
procedure is not used for the synthesis of polyethylene because of the difficulty
in forming a primary carbocation.)
 Structure and stereochemistry of polymers
A polymer may be a tangled mass of continuous chains or branched chains. The
result is a soft amorphous solid such as soft rubber. On the other hand, a polymer
may be composed of continuous chains held together by hydrogen bonds. or bY
other dipok dipok attractions. This type of polymer structure lends itself to fibers
or hard, moldable plastics. A more-ordered polymer is said to have a higher
degree of crystallinit) than the amorphous, or noncrystalline, polymer.
The differences in properties between crystalline and noncrystalline polymers
are beautifully demonstrated by gutta percha and natural rubber. Gutta percha
is a highly crystalline polymer, while natural rubber has a molecular shape that
doesnot lend itself to an ordered, crystalline arrangement.
Let us reconsider the polymerization of propylene. There
are three types of products that could result from the
head-to-tail polymerization of propylene.

• The methyl groups at the newly formed chiral

carbons could be protruding from the chain in a
random fashion ; this is an atactic polymer (a soft,
amorphous product).

• The methyl groups could alternate from one side of

the chain to the other, this is a syndiotactie polymer.

• The methyl groups could all be on the same side;

then the polymer is said to be isotactic (see Figure
9.16). Because of their orderly arrangements, the
chains of the latter two polymers can lie closer
together and the polymers are more crystalline.
POLIMER
ADISI
 DEFINITION OF ADDITION
POLYMERS
polymer formation reaction due to the Another understanding of addition
combining of monomers that bind polymerization is the addition of a
together to form a long molecular chain. monomer unit which is continuously
This reaction can occur with the help of a driven by the presence of an intermediate,
catalyst. The catalyst will open the double which is generally a cation radical or anion
bonds in the forming monomers so that that forms a polymer. Addition
the monomers can bond with one another polymerization usually occurs in monomer
to form polymers. units that have double bonds.
As a result of addition reactions that are formed double bonds into a single bond. For
example, ethene which has a double bond when heated with certain catalysts can be a
polymer:

Included in the addition polymer are polystyrene (tire rubber), polyethene (plastic),
polyisoprene (natural rubber), polytetraflouroetene (teflon), PVC, and polyprepylene
(plastic).
 POLIMER ADISI-1,4

Conjugated dienes can be polymerized with addition-1,4. the product still

contains unsaturation, therefore the polymer can contain all cis-units, all trans-
units, or a mixture of cis-and-trans units. The following equation shows the 1,4-
polymerization of isoprene.
 CH3

H2C Katalis
C C CH2
H Adisi-1,4
2-metil-1,3-butadiena
(isoprena)

H3C H H3C H2C

C C
atau C C

CH2 H2C CH2 H

x x

Serba-cis-poliisoprena Serba-trans-poliisoprena
(karet alam) (getah perca)
Natural rubber is polyisoprene with cis
bonding. Tracers, called gutta percha, are a H3C H3C

polymer used as an outer layer of golf balls

and temporary dental cements. None of these
H3C
polymers were synthesized from isoprene
Karet Alam
itself with nature, as was originally thought.
Its predecessor (precursor) is mevalonic acid.

The line formula for the two polyisoprene is CH3 CH3 CH3
illustrated why the sap of the patchwork, in its
orderly form, is harder and more crystalline
Getah perca
polymers between the two.
 CONDENSATION POLYMER

This polymerization occurs in monomers, each of which has at least two

reactive functional groups. From the results of the condensation polymerization
produced polymers and also small molecules, such as H2O, HCl, and CH3OH.
Polymers such as polyester, polyamide, polycarbonate, and polyurethane are
synthesized through a condensation polymerization reaction.
 EXAMPLE OF A CONDENSATION
POLYMERIZATION REACTION
Formation of polyester: PET from dimethyl Formation of polyamides: nylon 66 from
terephthalate and ethylene glycol adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine