Hydrostatics & Stability

August – December 2019

Syllabus
 Hull form definition of ships and ocean structures;
 Deadweight, capacity and tonnage measurement Hydrostatic calculations;
 Initial stability, free surface effects, stability at large angles;
 Intact and damaged stability computations;
 Damaged stability and its calculation by lost buoyancy and added weight methods;
 IMO stability criteria;
 Subdivision and floodable length calculations;
 Subdivision indices;
 Launching calculations;
 Stability of fully submerged body;
 Stability of multibody systems;
Reference Books
• Principles of Naval Architecture Volume I, Edward V. Lewis, Editor
• Basic Ship Theory by E. C. Tupper and K. J. Rawson
• Introduction to Naval Architecture by E. C. Tupper
• Ship Design and Construction by Robert Taggart
• Ship hydrostatics and stability by Adrian Biran
• Bow is the front most part of the hull
• Stern is the rear-most part of the hull
• Waterline is an imaginary line circumscribing the hull that matches
the surface of the water when the hull is not moving.
• Midships is the midpoint of the LWL. It is half-way from the forward
most point on the waterline to the rear-most point on the waterline.
• Baseline an imaginary reference line used to measure vertical
distances from. It is usually located at the bottom of the hull.
• Bulbous bow it is a protruding part of the hull at the bow (or front)
of a ship just below the waterline
• After perpendicular (AP) : A line which is perpendicular to the
intersection of the after edge of the rudder-post with the designed
load water-line. This is the case for both single- and twin-screw
merchant ships. For some classes of warships, and for merchant ships
having no rudder-post, the after perpendicular is taken as the
intersection of load waterline and hull.

• Forward perpendicular (FP) : This is represented by a line which is

perpendicular to the intersection of the designed load water-line with
the forward side of the stem.
 Length Overall (LOA) is the extreme length from one end to the
other.
 Length on the Waterline (LWL) is the length from the forward
most point of the waterline measured in profile to the stern-most
point of the waterline.
• Breadth (B) is the width of the hull at the design waterline.
• Breadth extreme: maximum beam wherever it occurs on the hull
above or below water
• Breadth moulded This is the maximum beam, or breadth, of the ship
measured inside the inner shell strakes, and usually considered at
amidships.
• Draught (T): It can be measured as moulded draught, which is the
distance from base line to the water line.
• Depth(D): Is the vertical distance measured from the top of the keel to
the underside of the upper deck at side.
• Depth moulded This is the vertical distance between the moulded
base line and the top of the beams of the uppermost continuous deck
measured at the side amidships.
• Air draft (or air draught) : the distance from the surface of the water
to the highest point on a vessel. This is similar to the "deep draft" of a
vessel which is measured from the surface of the water to the
deepest part of the hull below the surface, but air draft is expressed
as a height, not a depth.
Bilge Radius: The ship cross section at lower corner rounded off and the
same is called “bilge” part
 Trim: The difference between the forward and aft draughts is called the “Trim”.
When the aft draught is higher than forward draught it is said to be “Trimming by Stern” or conversely when
draught forward is higher it is said to be trimming by head or the bow.

 Free board : It is defined as the distance measured downwards from the deck to the water line.
Usually the free board will be minimum at a mid ship and will increase towards the ends.
 Bext  Bmld  2  shell plate thickness
• Breadth: Bmld
• Depth: Dmld
• Draught: Tmld
• Freeboard
• Moulded and Extreme Dimensions
Ship’s Lines

 The form of a ship’s hull is drawn on a scale drawing called the “Lines Plan”

 The set of lines consists essentially of three views.

1. The elevation or profile of the vessel generally known as sheer plan.

2. A view looking down upon it known as “half breadth plan” and
3. A set of transverse sections is known as body plan.
A Typical Lines Plan
Buttock Lines

 These are longitudinal vertical planes parallel to vessel’s centre plane. They are usually spaced l m apart with
half interval spacing near the centre line plane.

 Each plane intersects the vessels surface in a curve known as buttock line, each “Buttock Line” appears in the
true form in sheer plan but as vertical straight line in body plan and horizontal straight line in half breadth
plan.
Station Ordinates

 It is usual to divide the length of displacement into ten or some multiples of ten, equal spaces. At each of the
points of division a vertical line is erected in the sheer plan known as ordinate.

Table of offsets

 The hull form can be described in tabular format by a set of measurements known as offsets.

 Offsets are distances measured from the centerline to the side of the ship at each station and waterline.
Laws of Flotation
• Archimedes' Principle states that when a body is wholly or
partially immersed in a fluid, it is subjected to an upward
force equal in magnitude to the weight of fluid it
displaces.
• It is due to buoyancy that fish, swimmers, icebergs, and
ships stay afloat.
• Fish offer an interesting application of volume change as a
means of altering buoyancy: a fish has an internal swim
bladder, which is filled with gas. When it needs to rise or
descend, it changes the volume in its swim bladder, which
then changes its weight/buoyancy.
• The examples of swimmers and icebergs directly illustrate
the principle of density
• To a swimmer, the difference between swimming in fresh
water and salt water shows that buoyant force depends as
much on the density of the fluid as on the volume
displaced.
• In Israel's Dead Sea, the saltiest body of water on Earth,
bathers experience an enormous amount of buoyant
force.
• Close to the freezing point, water turns to ice, it becomes
less dense. This is why ice cubes and icebergs float.
• When a box measuring 1cu.m of volume and of 4000kg mass is immersed in
fresh water it will appear to suffer a loss in mass of 1000kg. If suspended from a
spring balance the balance would indicate a mass of 3000kg.

• Since the actual mass of the box is not changed, there must be a force
acting vertically upwards to create the apparent loss of mass of 1000kg.
This force is called the force of buoyancy, and is considered to act vertically
upwards through a point called the centre of buoyancy.
• The centre of buoyancy is the centroid of the immersed portion/geometry.
Requirements of Ship Form

 The hull form of a ship must be designed to fulfil certain requirements and the first to be considered is the
provision of sufficient buoyancy to carry various loads such as weight of ship itself, cargo, fuels, etc.

 In other words ship must have a certain displacement up to the load water line. If this displacement is ∆, it
follows that:
∆=ρgV
where
ρ is the density of water in which ship is floating,
g is acceleration due to gravity and
V is the underwater volume.
Approximate Integration Methods

• Trapezoidal Rule
• Simpson’s First Rule
• Simpson’s Second Rule
• Simpson’s third rule (or) 5,8,-1 Rule
• Other Numerical Integration Methods
Form Coefficients

• Block Coefficient
• Midship Area Coefficient
• Prismatic Coefficient
• Waterplane Area Coefficient

Useful in power estimates and in expressing the fullness of a ship's

overall form
Block Coefficient (Cb)

• The block coefficient of a ship at any particular draft is the ratio

of the volume of displacement at that draft to the volume of a
rectangular block having the same overall length, breadth, and
depth.
Midship Coefficient (Cm)

• The midship coefficient to any draft is the ratio of the

transverse area of the midship Section (Am) to a rectangle
having the same breadth and depths.
Waterplane Area coefficient

• The coefficient of water-plane area is the ratio of the area of

the water-plane to the area of a rectangle having the same
length and maximum breadth.
Prismatic Coefficient (Cp)

• Longitudinal prismatic coefficient : The prismatic coefficient of

a ship at any draft is the ratio of the volume of displacement at
that draft to the volume of a prism having the same length as
the ship and the same cross-sectional area as the ship's
midships area.
• The prismatic coefficient is used mostly by ship-model
researchers.
• Vertical prismatic coefficient: The Vertical prismatic coefficient of a ship at any
draft is the ratio of the volume of displacement at that draft to the volume of a
prism having the same draft as the ship and water plane area at that draft.