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CHAPTER
2
Atomic Structure
and Bonding
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History of Atom
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Rutherford Experiment
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Structure of Atoms
ATOM
Basic Unit of an Element
Diameter : 10 –10 m.
Neutrally Charged
Proton Neutron
Mass : 1.673 x 10 –24 g Mass : 1.675 x 10 –24 g
Charge : 1.602 x 10 –19 C Neutral Charge
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Example Problem
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Example problem
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Energy levels
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Emission Spectra
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x mu
4
Uncertainty Principle and Schrodinger’s Wave Functions
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Electron Density
0.05 nm
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S, p and d Orbitals
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Hybridization
• Hybridization: Animation.
• Click the figure below to view the animation (this
animation has voice).
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Multielectron Atoms
Figure 2.9
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Periodic Table
Source: Davis, M. and Davis, R., Fundamentals of Chemical Reaction Engineering, McGraw-Hill, 2003.
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Atomic Radius
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Oxidation Number
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• Except Helium, most noble gasses (Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn)
are chemically very stable
All have s2 p6 configuration for outermost shell.
Helium has 1s2 configuration
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Primary Bonds
Ionic Bonding
• Ionic bonding is due to electrostatic force of attraction
between cations and anions.
• It can form between metallic and nonmetallic elements.
• Electrons are transferred from electropositive to
electronegative atoms
Electropositive Electronegative
Electron
Element Atom
Transfer
Electrostatic
Cation Attraction Anion
+ve charge -ve charge
IONIC BOND
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Ionic Bonds
3s1
3p6 Chlorine
Sodium Atom
Atom Cl
Na
I
O
N
I Chlorine Ion
Sodium Ion Cl -
C
Na+
B
O
Figure 2.10
N
D
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Figure 2.11
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e e Z Z e
Z Z
2
4 a 4 a
1 2 1 2
F attractive 2 2
0 0
4 a a
net
0
2 n 1
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Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. Smith and Hashemi
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Na+ Cl-
a0
19
( 1)( 1)(1.60 10 C )
2 2
F Z Z e
1 2
3.02 10 9 N
attraction
4 a 4 (8.85 x 10 C /Nm2)(2.76 x 10
0
2 -12 2 -10
m)
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Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. Smith and Hashemi
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4 a a
net
0
2 n
Attraction Repulsion
Energy Energy
Energy Energy
Released Absorbed
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Ionic packing
In NaCl
and CsCl
Figure 2.13
CsCl NaCl
Bonding Energies
Example :-
NaCl Lattice energy = 766 KJ/mol
Melting point = 801oC
CsCl Lattice energy = 649 KJ/mol
Melting Point = 646oC
BaO Lattice energy = 3127 KJ/mol
Melting point = 1923oC
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Bonding Energy
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Covalent Bonding
F + F F F F F
H Bond Energy=160KJ/mol
O + O O O O=O
Bond Energy=28KJ/mol
N + N N N N N
Bond Energy=54KJ/mol
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• For a given pair of atoms, with higher bond order, the bond
length will decrease; as bond length decreases, bond energy
will increase (H2, F2, N2)
• Nonpolar bonds: sharing of the
bonding electrons is equal
between the atoms and the bonds.
• Polar covalent bond: Sharing of
the bonding electrons is unequal
(HF, NaF).
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Structure of Diamond
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H H
C C H C C H
H H Acetylene
Ethylene
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H C H
C C
C C H
H
C
H
Structure of Benzene Simplified Notations
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Metallic Bonding
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Secondary Bonding
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Fluctuating Dipoles
Symmetrical Asymmetrical
distribution Distribution
of electron charge (Changes with time)
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Permanent Dipoles
Examples:-
Symmetrical No Dipole
CH4 Arrangement moment
Of 4 C-H bonds
Asymmetrical
Creates
CH3Cl Tetrahedral
Dipole
arrangement
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Hydrogen Bonds
105 0
O
Hydrogen
H Bond
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