Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
of Individual Behavior
1
Learning Objectives
2
Biographical
Characteristics
Age Gender
Tenure Race/caste
3
Intellectual Abilities
• Number aptitude
• Verbal comprehension
• Perceptual speed
• Inductive reasoning
• Deductive reasoning
• Spatial visualization
• Memory ability
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Basic Physical Abilities
5
The Ability-Job Fit
6
Learning
Learning
Any relatively permanent change in behavior
that occurs as a result of experience.
Learning
• Involves change
• Is relatively permanent
• Is acquired through experience
What Is Learning?
Social
Learning
Classical Operant
Conditioning Conditioning
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Theories of Learning
Classical Conditioning
A type of conditioning in which an individual
responds to some stimulus that would not
ordinarily produce such a response.
Key Concepts
• Unconditioned stimulus
• Unconditioned response
• Conditioned stimulus
• Conditioned response
Theories of Learning (cont’d)
Operant Conditioning
A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary
behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.
Key Concepts
• Reflexive (unlearned) behavior
• Conditioned (learned) behavior
• Reinforcement
Theories of Learning (cont’d)
Social-Learning Theory
People can learn through observation and direct
experience.
Key Concepts
• Attentional processes
• Retention processes
• Motor reproduction processes
• Reinforcement processes
Types of Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
Providing a reward for a desired behavior.
Negative reinforcement
Removing an unpleasant consequence when the desired
behavior occurs.
Punishment
Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an undesirable
behavior.
Extinction
Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause its cessation.
2–12
Following a response Following a response by the
with something termination or withdrawal of
pleasant something unpleasant
Positive Negative
Reinforcement Reinforcement
Methods of
Shaping Behavior
Punishment Extinction
Intermittent Reinforcement
A desired behavior is reinforced often enough to
make the behavior worth repeating but not every
time it is demonstrated.
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Schedules of Reinforcement
(cont’d)
Fixed-Interval Schedule
Rewards are spaced at uniform time intervals.
Variable-Interval Schedule
Rewards are initiated after a fixed or constant
number of responses.
Behavior Modification
OB Mod
The application of reinforcement concepts
to individuals in the work setting.
Fixed- Fixed-
Interval Ratio
Variable
Variable- Variable-
Interval Ratio
• Baseline data
• Behavioral consequences
• Intervention strategy
• Performance improvement
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Organizational Applications
• Lotteries to reduce absenteeism
• Well pay versus sick pay
• Employee discipline
• Training programs
• Mentoring programs
• Self-management
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Physical Abilities
• Strength factors –
– Dynamic strength – ability to exert muscular force
repeatedly or continuously over time.
– Trunk strength – ability to exert muscular strength using
the trunk (particularly abdominal )muscles.
– Static strength – ability to exert force against external
objects.
– Explosive strengths – ability to expend a maximum of
energy in one or a series of explosive acts.
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Flexibility Factors
• Extent flexibility – ability to move the trunk and back
muscles as far as possible.
• Dynamic flexibility – ability to make rapid, repeated
flexing movements.
Other Factors –
– Body coordination – ability to coordinate actions of different
parts of the body.
– Balance – ability to maintain equilibrium despite forces
pulling one off balance.
– Stamina – ability to continue maximum effort requiring
prolonged effort over time.
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