Orthogonal Arrays - Taguchi

 Orthogonal arrays is the method of experimenting to find out the effect of

each parameter on out put
 No of experiments used are very less
- Example : for 7 factors at 2 levels no of experiments required will be
128 but using OA we can complete the experimentation in 8 Experiments
- The factors are in put parameters & Response is out put of experiment
- Two level means one level with existing in put parameters & second level
means assumed improved input parameters which will improve the process
response
- Each column will have equal number of oppurtunities for both the levels
- Interaction : Some times a pairs of factor in an experiment may interact
with one another to provide Synergetic effect on the response (out put
quality Characteristics)
Data Collection
 Depending on no of in put parameters select the orthogonal
arrays from table given at the end of this training Kit
 L4, L8,L16,L32… arrays are available
 For say 10 parameters we can select L16 array
 Typical L8 array is shown in next slide
 For each row we have to keep the input parameter at level 1 or
2 for each factor of the experiment
 The response to be noted down at the end of each row
L8 Array

Trail No Column No ----- Response

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
3 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
4 1 2 2 2 2 1 1
5 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
6 2 1 2 2 1 2 1
7 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
8 2 2 1 2 1 1 2

Each Column Represnts the Fcators that is Process in Put parameters to be kept what level
Analysis
 Analysis will be done using Analysis of Variance
 This method was developed by R A Fisher. ANOVA is not a
complicated method it has a beauty of objective decision
making
 Some important factors of ANOVA are
- Sum of Squares (Applied to OA)
- Degree of Freedom
- Variance
- “F” Test
Analysis
 Sum of squares will be explained with following example
Low capacity pump Flow rate:
Pump No : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Flow Rate : 5 6 8 2 5 4 4 6 “T” = 40 Oz/min, Tm = 5oz/min
(oz/min)
SS(T) : Total sum of squares
= Sqr(5)+Sqr(6)+sqr(2)+sqr(5)+sqr(4)+sqr(4)+sqr(6)
= 222
Sum of squares due to Mean
= NX Sqr(Tm)
=8 X 25
=200
Analysis
 The portion of the magnitude of the segment due to error can be
squared & summed to provide a measure of he variation around the
average value.
SS e = sqr(0)+sqr(1)+sqr(3)+sqr(-3)+sqr(0)+sqr(-1)+sqr(-1)+sqr(1)
SS e = 22
Note that
222= 200+22
SS(T)=SSm+Sse

Degrees of Fredom : A degree of freedom is a piece of information that is

estimated from data
Eg : Error estimate with 7 independent comparisons & hence 7 degrees of
freedom
Analysis
 Variance : This statistic measure is calculated in
ANOVA (V), this is the estimate by deviding sum of
squares with degree of freedom, for above example
the ANOVA table is given in Next slide
 F Test : It is the measure of individual variance with
respect to error variance (this will be obtained by
deviding individual variance by error variance)
F = Vm/Ve
From “F” tab;e we can find out the significance of
this value on response.
Analysis
ANOVA TABLE
Source SS DF Variance "F"
Mean 200 1 200 63.6364

Error 22 7 3.1428571 1

Total 222 8 27.75

 ANOVA Applied to OA
Factors & Interactions Response
Trial No A B AXB
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6
2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 8
3 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 7
4 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 8
5 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3
6 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 4
7 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 9
8 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 10

SS (A) = Sqr (A1-A2)/N A1 = 6+8+7+8 =29

A=2+3+4+9+10=26

A1 means all responses due to level 1 in Column "A"

A2 means all responses due to level 2 in Column "A"

Similar Calculation For Coulmn "B" & Column AxB & so On

In this array Column 4 to Column 7 are not Assigned hence SS e = SS4 +SS5+SS6+SS7
ANOVA
ANOVA TABLE
Source SS DF Variance "F"
A 1.125 1 1.125 1.28571

B 21.125 1 21.125 24.1429 ###

AxB 15.125 1 15.125 17.2857 +++

Col 4 3.125 1 3.125 3.57143

Col 5 0.125 1 0.125 0.14286

Col 6 0.125 1 0.125 0.14286

Col 7 0.125 1 0.125 0.14286

T 40.875 7

e 3.5 4 0.875 1

### At least 99 % confidence that the parameter is affecting the Response

+++ At least 95 % confidence that the parameter is affecting the Response