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 What's Peak Program Meter
 A Peak Program Monitor (PPM), sometimes
referred to as a Peak Reading Meter (PRM), is
an audio metering device except its capable of
reading accurate signal peak level compared
to the regular volume meter .


 

 £olume unit £ Meters show you the average
level of the signal- so they're great for recording
to analog tape or for mastering purposes where
you want to know the overall general level of the
signal.
 £ Meters are bad at telling you the peak level
of the signal. This paper focuses on the design
and the implementation of a peak program
meter, which features a data-acquisition system,
using a C6713 DSP-based starter kit (DSK).
 Peak Program Meter
 PPM improves on the £ meter͛s performance
problems by integrating the signal for small
time . this integration process will then only
detects peaks that are long enough to be
heard by typical human listener.
 Peak Program Meter
 The primary function of this program is to detect
and provide an LED indication /warning whenever
an output value is approaching the range limit of
the DAC.
 These condition are checked every Ts =1/Fs, a
dwell time is required to maintain the ON status
of each of LEDs without this dwell time the LED
would cycle on/off too rapidly to be visible. The
output value s above which an LED turns ON
were chosen to be .
 Peak Program Meter
 These turn on levels are shown the Figure
below , where the sinusoidal signal is at the
maximum amplitude for the DAC.
Peak Program Meter
 PPM Implementations
 The output value s above which an LED turns
ON were chosen to be
 +/- (28000,3200,32767)
 These turn on levels are shown the Figure
below , where the sinusoidal signal is at the
maximum amplitude for the DAC.
 Reset value is 4800 which turns the LED off
after "RESET" number of samples
 ScaleFactor = 1.0
PPM-Movie
 WHY PPM
 An alternative to £ meters Peak Program Meters have fast
rise times (30 times faster than £ meters)
 PPM has much slower fallback or decay time.
 PPM responds to peak levels rather than average levels.
This makes them especially useful in situations where
distortion or overload is a significant concern, as in digital
applications. Because other meters, (i.e. £ meters)
respond more slowly, giving an average level reading, they
are not as useful for indicating maximum levels or peaks.
 Popular and tested in Europe, PPMs are found in
mechanical, LED, and/or plasma forms in a variety of
equipment types.
Õ



 
 AM Transmitter
 One of the simplest modulation schemes is
Amplitude Modulation, which is normally just
abbreviated as AM.
 For several decades commercial AM radio
broadcasts is used on many consumer radios in
most of the countries around the world.
 AM provides an easily understood modulation
scheme that can be thought as the starting point
for many of today͛s more complicated
modulation schemes.
 AM Transmitter
 A.M works by varying the strength of the
transmitted signal in relation to the
information being sent. For example, changes
in the signal strength can be used to reflect
the sounds to be reproduced by a speaker, or
to specify the light intensity of television
pixels.
 FORMS of AM Modulation
 Conventional amplitude modulation (AM) (also
known as double sideband (DSB) with carrier)
 Single sideband (SSB)
 Double sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC).


 In the basic form Amplitude modulation
produces a signal with power concentrated at
the carrier frequency and in two adjacent
sidebands.
 Each sideband is equal in bandwidth to that of
the modulating signal and is a mirror image of
the other.
 
 Single-sideband modulation (SSB) is a refinement
of amplitude modulation that more efficiently
uses electrical power and bandwidth.
 Amplitude modulation produces a modulated
output signal that has twice the bandwidth of the
original baseband signal.
 Single-sideband modulation avoids this
bandwidth doubling, and the power wasted on a
carrier.

 
 Filtering, leaving only either the !!
" (#) or less commonly the $
" (%).
 Most often, the carrier is reduced or removed
entirely (suppressed), being referred to in full
as "!! 
().
 
 & 
 Two versions of the original signal are
generated, mutually 90° out of phase.
 Each one of these signals is then mixed with
carrier waves that are also 90° out of phase
with each other.
 By either adding or subtracting the resulting
signals, a lower or upper sideband signal
results.
Õuestions