Academy course:

EGPRS BSS NWP BR10

Network Optimization

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Module objectives
After completing this learning element, the participant will be able to:

Theory:

• Explain the concept of KPI’s and using of counters

• Explain the planning and execution of the drive tests, evaluation of the measurements
results
• Explain the advantages of PBCCH configuration
• Explain the optimization ides of cell reselection in (E)GPRS
• Explain the differences between network operation modes
• List some optimization ideas in LA/RA design
• Explain Data Flow control mechanism

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Content: Radio Network Optimization

• Performance Measurements
• Parameter Data Base Optimization

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Optimization Issues
The optimal GSM network from PSW services point of view has:
As high signal level as possible
• It means that even the indoor signal level should be high enough to have MCS9 for getting the
highest data rate on RLC/MAC layer.
As low interference as possible
• The aim of having high C/I is to avoid throughput reduction based on interference.
Enough capacity
• Enough BSS hardware capacity (interface and connectivity) is needed to provide the required
capacity for PSW services in time. Both CSW and PSW traffic management should be harmonized
with the layer structure and long term plans.
As few cell-reselection as possible
• The dominant cell coverage is important to avoid unnecessary cell-reselections in mobility. The
prudent PCU allocation can help to reduce the inter PCU cell reselections.
• Dominant cell structure can help to maximize the signal level and reduce the interference, too.
Features
• All the features should be used which can improve the PSW service coverage, capacity and quality
in general.
Before any (E)GPRS optimization related activities the GSM network should be optimized!!!

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Content: Performance Measurements

• OSS Statistics
– Key performance indicators
– Counters
• Drive Tests
– Planning and execution
– Analysis (example)

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OSS Statistics

Key performance indicators

– Give examples for KPI (total throughput, throughput per user, BLER), and
for some present reports
Counters
– Discuss shortly the most important types of counters (coding scheme
measurements, cell re-selection measurements, RLC re-transmission
measurements, dynamic Abis measurements) and for some present
reports

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 Performance Measurements

Performance measurements are needed to get clear picture about network functionality
and find the possibilities for increasing the performance.

The (E)GPRS performance measurements and its analysis are usually separated to
• OSS KPI Analysis
• Drive Test Analysis
• Real-time measurement analysis
• Analyzers and post-processing

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KPIs Concept

KPIs are figures used to evaluate Network performance

• Post processing of OSS data or
• Drive test measurements data
Usually one short term target and one long term target
• Check the network evolution and which targets are achieved
KPIs calculated with OSS data
• Network performance on the operator side.
KPIs from drive test
• Performance on the subscribers side
Usually turn key projects are evaluated according to some predefined KPIs

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 Reports – Example
BTS - CODING SCHEME MEASUREMENT - Counters

RLC DATA RLC DATA ACK BLER ACK BLER Payload

UL DL UL DL Data
(Kbytes) (Kbytes) (%) (%) (Kbytes)
dd hh MCS trf_140 trf_141 rlc_20 rlc_21 trf_131
-- -- ---- ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ---------------------------
13 00 1 150.37 366.89 0.04 0.07 517.26
2 83.92 308.79 0.09 0.20 392.71
3 667.55 303.37 0.20 0.12 970.92
4 118.25 24.11 0.22 0.17 142.36
5 2149.44 2080.09 0.23 0.04 4229.53
6 30779.81 26753.89 0.09 0.09 57533.70
7 1091.51 25371.77 0.10 0.19 26463.28
8 784.46 14518.33 0.04 0.04 15302.79
9 5526.88 117674.38 0.02 0.01 123201.26

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OSS KPIs (Benchmarking)

OSS counter and KPI analysis gives exact picture about network performance.
The analysis of KPIs can be based on the following list:
Signaling related KPIs
▪ CCCH usage and congestion
▪ TRXSIG congestion
▪ BCSU
Data rate and Territory related KPIs
▪ Network usage (RLC Payload, Packet Erlangs, etc)
▪ Data rate (CS - MCS selection, retransmission, UL BLER, throughput, etc.)
▪ Blocking (timeslot sharing, soft blocking, hard blocking, Abis congestion, PCU congestion,
Gb congestion, etc)
Mobility related KPIs
▪ TBF release due to flush
▪ Partly No response form MS

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 Performance Indicators - Air Interface
Data Release
Throughput
Connection Rate
Setup
Success
Rate PDTCH Ratio Flush
Blocking CS1 / CS2/ CS3/ CS4
(P)AGCH
Suspend
Success Ratio Requested vs Retransmission
(P)RACH Allocated Ratio No Response

Success Ratio From MS

(P)Paging CS Load
Success Ratio

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Drive Test

Planning and execution

– Discuss selection of the route, documentation of preparation and logging
of the results, also discuss shortcomings like snap shot character and
lack of information about interaction between the cells

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Drive Test – Steps

Before drive test • Plan the route where to drive

• Plan the time when to drive
• Determine the MS mode (idle mode/ connected mode) and also the
• call strategy (long / short calls)
• Decide which values to focus on (for example: RXQUAL, RXLEV,SQI, ...)
• Select an appropriate test equipment and check the test equipment
• Think of notes which should be inserted later on in the recording file

During drive test • Monitor the test equipment

• Reconnect dropped calls
• Insert notes in the recording file
• Note interesting events separately (e.g. on a piece of paper)

After drive test • Make back-up files of the captured data

• Replay the captured data and analyse them
• Find out problem areas and problem events
• Use further post-processing tools to display the captured data more
• clearly and to graphically display further values
• Perform statistics and summarise the results

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Drive Tests

Field measurements are done:

• in an representative area (different clutter types) for planning
• based on statistics in special areas for optimization purposes

Special areas (routes) are chosen based e.g. on:

• too long TBF outage between cells
• TBF release due to flash
• no response from MS

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Drive Tests
The field measurements are usually used for analyzing accessibility, data rate measurements in
stationary and mobility mode.
1. PSW accessibility analysis
– The PSW accessibility measurements measure the success rate and time period of
access to the PSW core (GPRS attach and PDP context activation), as well as the
access to BSS (TBF establishment).
– Accessibility measurements contain GPRS attach/detach, PDP context activation and
TBF establishment/release measurements.
– The attach/detach, PDP context activation/deactivation and Routing Area Update are
LLC related measurements (MS-SGSN) and can be measured and troubleshooted

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Drive Tests

2. Throughput analysis – Stationary

– Average throughput (RLC/MAC and Application)
– MCS distribution
– RX Level
– BLER
– C/I ratio
3. Throughput analysis – Mobility (intra/inter PCU and RAU cell-reselection)
– Cell reselection latency
▪ RLC/MAC
▪ LLC
▪ Application level
– Retransmission based on cell reselection
– The throughput analysis is always the analysis of signal level and C/I, because low
data rate can be caused by signal, capacity and interference issues

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Content: Parameter Data Base Optimization

• PBCCH
• Cell Re-selection
– General remarks
– C31 and C32
– Network Assisted Cell Re-selection
– Network Commanded Cell Re-selection
• Network Operation Modes
• RA Design
• Gb Flow Control

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PBCCH

Discuss the benefits of the PBCCH (e.g. availability of own cell re-
selection parameter settings C31 / C32 for PS in comparison to
C1 / C2 for CS)

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Signaling

The capacity bottlenecks on signaling channel can increase duration of TBF establishment,
hereby cell re-selection outage
Therefore the following signaling channels must be optimized:
• Air interface
• LAPD capacity
• PCU capacity
• Gb capacity

Implementation of PBCCH allows:

• using own cell reselection parameter settings (C31, C32)
• own neighbor lists for GPRS user,
• dedicated signaling for GPRS
• A shorter TBF outage due to the cell reselection

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 Control channels
GSM Spectrum

CS PS

CS domain
TRX 0/BCCH BCCH SDCCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH

Link to PBCCH

PS domain CS domain
TRX 1/CTH PBCCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH

TRX 2/CTH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH

• One more TS investment out of CS domain (static)

• GPRS signaling on PBCH (P-PCH, PRACH, PAGCH
BTS
• Cell selection/reselection seperats parameter
• Less collisions on P-RACH
• More types of access, one-phase, two phase ...

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 Impact of the PBCCH
Using PBCCH and PCCCH:

• Separates GPRS and cs control channels

• Distributes the load of paging, random access and access grant messages

• Allows to use GPRS specific features like different cell reselection, Access control, additional
network access type .…

• Makes parameter planning more complicated

• One more TS investment out of CS domain (static)

• GPRS signaling now operations on PBCH (P-PCH, PRACH, PAGCH
• C1/C2 Cell selection/reselection operations in different (separate parameter)
• Less collisions on P-RACH, cause of persistence control on Access Control Ch.
More types of access (one-phase, two phase ...,) increasing types of signaling, especially for
short response commands .

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Cell Reselection

General remarks
– Discuss, that for EGPRS there is no HO, but cell re-selection. Also discuss
that cell re-selection interrupts TFB flow, that to avoid ping-pong therefore is
essential
Network assisted cell re-selection
– Describe the reduction of outage time due to NACC, give examples
Network commanded cell re-selection
– Describe, that NCCR allows to shift GPRS users to GPRS cells, and EDGE
users to shift to EDGE cells, give examples

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Cell Reselection
Mobility procedures in connected mode:
• Hand Over procedure for CS services
- continuously transmission of the data
• Cell reselection for PS services
- TBF flow interruption and associated delay for the reestablishment
Cell-(re)selection - allocate the traffic to the most appropriate resource
• C1, C2
• C31/C32
• NACC/NCCR
The aim of resource allocation improvement is to ensure
• fast access to the network
• access to the right cells and TSLs, which provide the fastest data rate

•
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GPRS Cell Selection and Re-selection
GPRS mobile cell selection and re-selection partly the same as the Circuit Switched idle
mode cell selection
• Cell is selected autonomously by the mobile
• MS uses C1, C2 (NC0) and C31/C32 (enhanced NC0) parameters for cell
selection/reselection
• The cell reselection can be managed by network based on NCCR (NC2)

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GPRS Cell Selection and Reselection C1/C2

GPRS mobile cell selection / reselection the same as the Circuit Switched idle
mode cell selection
• Cell is selected autonomously by the mobile
• MS uses C1 and C2 parameters for cell selection/reselection
• Cell reselection can be done during the data connection

C1

C2

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GPRS Cell Selection and Reselection C1/C2
If no PBCCH exists BA(GPRS) is equal to BA(BCCH)
• in the serving cell, GPRS cell selection / cell reselection is performed in the same way as for circuit-
switched idle mode, that means it is controlled in this case by C1 and C2 :

C1 = A - Max(B,0)
A = RLA_C - RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN
B = MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH – P

For the class 3 DCS 1800 MS:

B = MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH + POWER OFFSET – P

• RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN = Minimum received signal level at the MS required for access to the system
• MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH = Maximum TX power level a MS may use when accessing the system
• POWER OFFSET = The power offset to be used in conjunction with the MS TXPWR MAX CCH
parameter by the class 3 DCS 1 800 MS.
• P = Power class of the MS (Maximum RF output power of the MS).
All values are expressed in dBm.
For a suitable cell, C1 must be greater than 0.

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GPRS Cell Selection and Reselection C1/C2
C2 is defined with the following formula:
C2 = C1 + CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET - TEMPORARY OFFSET *
H(PENALTY_TIME - T) if PENALTY_TIME ≠ 31
C2 = C1 - CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET for PENALTY_TIME = 31
where
• for non-serving cells:
H(x) = 0 for x < 0
H(x) = 1 for x ≥ 0
• for serving cells:
H(x) = 0
T is a timer implemented for each cell in the list of strongest carriers. T shall be started from zero at
the time the cell is placed by the MS on the list of strongest carriers, except when the previous
serving cell is placed on the list of strongest carriers at cell reselection. In this, case, T shall be set to
the value of PENALTY_TIME (i.e. expired).
CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET, TEMPORARY_OFFSET, PENALTY_TIME and
CELL_BAR_QUALIFY are optionally broadcast on the BCCH of the cell

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GPRS Cell Selection and Reselection C1, C31/C32
If a PBCCH exists, according to GSM the cell reselection is controlled by C1, C31 and C32.

• The cells to be monitored for cell re-selection are defined in the BA(GPRS) list, which
is broadcast on PBCCH.
• The path loss criterion parameter C1 is used as a minimum signal level criterion for cell re-selection
for GPRS in the same way as for GSM idle mode
• Now C1 is defined in the following way:

C1 = A - Max(B,0)
A = RLA_P - GPRS_RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN
B = GPRS_MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH – P

• The GPRS specific parameters GPRS_RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN and GPRS_MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH

for the serving cell and neighbor cells are broadcast on PBCCH of the serving cell (POWER OFFSET
is not used)

• RLA_P = received level average of the measured carrier

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GPRS Cell Selection and Reselection C1, C31/C32
In addition to C1, a so-called signal level threshold criterion parameter C31 for hierarchical cell structures
(HCS) is used to determine whether prioritized hierarchical GPRS cell re-selection shall apply:
C31(s) = RLA_P(s) - HCS_THR(s) (serving cell)
C31(n) = RLA_P(n) - HCS_THR(n) - TO(n) * L(n) (neighbor cell)
• HCS_THR is the signal threshold for applying HCS GPRS re-selection.
• HCS_THR is broadcast on PBCCH of the serving cell.
The cell ranking criterion parameter (C32) is used to select cells among those with the same priority and
is defined by:
C32(s) = C1(s) (serving cell)
C32(n) = C1(n) + GPRS_RESELECT_OFFSET(n) - TO(n) * (1-L(n)) (neighb. cell)
• GPRS_RESELECT_OFFSET applies an offset and hysteresis value to each cell
• TO(n) = GPRS_TEMPORARY_OFFSET(n) * H(GPRS_PENALTY_TIME(n) - T(n)).
• L(n) = 0 if PRIORITY_CLASS(n) = PRIORITY_CLASS(s)
• L(n) = 1 if PRIORITY_CLASS(n) ≠ PRIORITY_CLASS(s)
• H(x) = 0 for x < 0
• H(x) = 1 for x ≥ 0
GPRS_RESELECT_OFFSET, PRIORITY_CLASS, GPRS_TEMPORARY_OFFSET and
GPRS_PENALTY_TIME are broadcast on PBCCH of the serving cell

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 Cell Reselection Algorithm 1/2

The MS shall update RLA_P and calculate the value of C1, C31 and C32 for the serving cell and the
non-serving cells. The MS shall make a cell re-selection if:
• C1 for the serving cell falls below zero, or
• a non-serving suitable cell is evaluated to be better than the serving cell
The best cell is the cell with the highest value of C32 among those cells that have the highest
PRIORITY_CLASS among those that fulfill the criterion C31 ≥ 0, or all cells, if no cells fulfill the
criterion C31 ≥ 0.
If the parameter C32_QUAL is set, positive GPRS_RESELECT_OFFSET values shall only be applied
to the neighbor cell with the highest RLA_P value of those cells for which C32 is compared above.

PRIORITY_CLASS and C32_QUAL are broadcast on PBCCH of the serving cell.

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 Cell Reselection Algorithm 2/2

When evaluating the best cell, the following hysteresis values shall be subtracted from the C32 value
for the neighbor cells:
• in MM standby state, if the new cell is in the same routing area: 0.
• in MM ready state, if the new cell is in the same routing area:
GPRS_CELL_RESELECT_HYSTERESIS.
If the parameter C31_HYST is set, GPRS_CELL_RESELECT_HYSTERESIS shall also be subtracted
from the C31 value for the neighbor cells.
• in MM standby or ready state, if the new cell is in a different routing area:
RA_RESELECT_HYSTERESIS.
• in case of a cell re-selection occurred within the previous 15 seconds: 5 dB.

GPRS_CELL_RESELECT_HYSTERESIS, C31_HYST and RA_RESELECT_HYSTERESIS are

broadcast on PBCCH of the serving cell.

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Cell Selection/Re-selection - NACC

NACC (Network Assisted Cell Change)

• Neighbour cell system information messages sent to the MS contain a set of SI or
PSI messages (with PBCCH) needed in performing packet access in the new cell
• When all required messages are sent to the MS and PACKET SI STATUS is
supported by the PCU (no PBCCH allocated) in the new cell, the MS may perform
packet access and use PACKET SI STATUS procedures for the acquisition of SI
messages

Without PBCCH network will send MS

SI1, SI3 and SI13 of neighbour cells
PACKET NEIGHBOUR CELL DATA (PACCH ).

With PBCCH, network will send MS

PSI TYPE 1, a consistent set of PSI TYPE 2
messages and PSI TYPE 14

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Cell Reselection Delay (outage)

• NCCR and normal cell reselection has almost same outage times
• Network Assisted Cell Change (NACC) improves the outage delays
• Routing Area Update (RAU) increases the cell reselection delay with ~1s
• on application level the delay is even longer due to TCP behaviour.

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Inter-system Cell Reselection from GSM/GPRS to UMTS
Principles

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Network Operation Modes

Discussion about the advantages of using the Gs interface

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Network Operation I
NMO I

• Usage of NMO I, where the combined RA reduces

the cell re-selection time during transfer GPRS IMSI
attached attached
• CS-voice paging on the same channel as used by
packet-switched services (CCCH, PCCCH or data
channel)
Gs
• Mobile need to monitor only one paging channel. SGSN MSC/VLR
SGSN will pause data sending for the duration of CS
paging coming on packet data channel – thanks to the cs paging
Gs-interface co-ordination between MSC and SGSN. message
• Offers best performance, lowest idle power
consumption, lowest BLER (bock error rate) and
minimizes the paging load in the network. Also, it is the PCH, or
only way to guarantee CS paging reception in the PPCH, or
mobiles. PACCH

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Network Operation II
NMO II

GPRS
• All the paging will go through the CCCH-channel (PCCCH or attached IMSI
packet data channel usage is not possible) attached
• According to 3GPP 44.060, class B mobile in a packet data
transfer is not required to decode the CS voice call paging
sub channels on the CCCH.
• If using NMO II, during GPRS data transfer all the CS voice SGSN MSC/VLR
call pagings will be lost

PCH

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Network Operation III
NMO III

• CS voice paging is sent via CCCH and GPRS packet data paging GPRS IMSI
via PCCCH (or CCCH if PCCCH not used) attached attached
• mobile would need to listen two simultaneous paging channels:
• CS-paging success differs based on the terminal
implementation, paging period and repetition rate
configurations
SGSN MSC/VLR
• will cause higher BLER as NMO I due lost RLC/MAC data
blocks while listening the CS-paging
• will increase mobile’s ide power consumption + decrease
stand-by times 30-40% compared to the NMO I
• As a result, e.g. Nokia GPRS-terminals will not monitor CCCH
during GPRS data transfer PCH

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RA Design

Discuss page traffic (large RA) versus RA update traffic (small RA)

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 Routing Area – Size

without PCCCH The more cells per

Load /RA
+ RA, the less
periodically /
CS sig. load normal RA updates
Total GPRS signaling load are possible

S RA update load
cumulates
RA update load /cell
Increase of cells in RA,
Paging load increase the paging load
in certain RA

RA update load /cell

Cells/RA
periodic RA updates

Normal RA updates

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 Routing Area – Size

• One location area can contain one or many routing areas

• Splitting a location area into several routing areas reduces the paging load

• Instead, it increases the signalling load for routing area updates

• The dimensioning of location areas means finding a minimum for the sum of the signalling load due
to paging and due to the routing area updates.

• This dimensioning should take into account whether PCCCH are defined or not.

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LA/RA Design – Radio Aspects
Important to avoid LA/RA border allocation between cell with high neighboring traffic
Usage of NMO I, where the combined RA reduces the cell re-selection time

Radio Aspect of LA/RA Design

• The too big LA/RA will increase the paging, while the too small LA/RA will increase the LA/RA
Update. So the balance should be found between too big and too small RA/RAs.
• The not so appropriate LA/RA border design can significantly increase the signaling on air interface
signaling channels and TRXSIG on LA/RA border cells, so the cell-reselection outage can be longer
in this case because of congestion on signaling.
• The LA/RA border should be moved from those areas where the normal CSW and PSW traffic is very
high.
• The combined RAU (NMO I with Gs) is shorter compared to NMO II

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Gb Flow Control

Discuss dynamic Flow Control on Gb done to avoid buffer ‘under’

and ‘over’ flows in PCU.

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Data Flow Control
BmaxPCU PCU buffer BmaxPCU PCU buffer

Bmax Bhigh
thresholdhig
h thresholdlo
Blow w

time
time

Definitions:
• Bmax describes a certain amount of data transmission request over the air interface in specific
time and buffer (adjustable data capacity in the SGSN/PCU).
Therefore:
• Bmax PCU must be bigger then Bmax
• Blow must be as high, that buffer can not be empty

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 Data Flow Control

Three levels of flow control are defined in GPRS

PCU buffer
• BVC flow control related to a cell
Bhigh
Bhigh/Blow
• MS flow control
Blow
• Packet flow control for TBF (as option) B
-> choose buffer sizes for PCU to avoid buffer under
runs

In the Siemens SBS, the data flow rate Bmax is used as basic unit for flow control

parameters:

• Bhigh/Blow are thresholds which trigger the SGSN to stop/resume sending data to the BSC

• BmaxPCU is the physical memory reserved in the PCU

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