An Industrial Training Presentation on

Routing and Switching

Training carried out at

Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, Dehradun

Presented by : Gaurav Uniyal ( 161340101008 )

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Institute of Technology Gopeshwar
OUTLINE

• About Training Center

• Training Overview
• Routing and Switching
• VLAN
About ONGC

• Oil and Natural Gas corporation (largest crude oil and natural gas Company in India)
• ONGC was established on 14 August 1956 by Government of India
• This Maharatna company contributes around 75 per cent to Indian domestic production.
• Operations:
1. Mining & Exploration of Crude Oil.
2. Production of oil & gas and related oil-field services.
3. Conducting research through innovative projects.
Mission & Vision

Mission Vision
Dedicated to excellence To be a world-class
by leveraging Oil and Gas Company
competitive advantages integrated in energy
in R&D and technology business with
with involved people. dominant Indian
And also to Retain leadership and global
dominant position in presence.
Indian petroleum sector
and enhance India's
energy availability.
Training Overview

• Geodata Processing & Interpretation Centre(GEOPIC) ONGC.

• CS-HW (Computer Science Hardware) Department.
• From 17th JUNE, 2019 to 16th JULY 2019.
• Topics: Networking Hardware and its Configuration (Routing and Switching).
 Networking Fundamentals

Media Devices Topologies

Hub
Switch
U.T.P
Router Star
S.T.P
Modem Ring
I.S.T.P
Access Point
Coaxial Bus
Firewall
(Thin net &
Amplifier Partial Mesh
Thick net) Full Mesh
Repeater
Fibre Optic
LAN Card
Server
Devices

1. HUB:

Hub is a layer 1 device that always use broadcasting. It is a dumb device that doesn’t
manages the MAC table.

2. Switch:

Switch is a layer 2, 3 device that use Unicasting, Multicasting & Broadcasting. It is a

Smart Device that manages the MAC table.
3. Router:

Router is a L3 device that works to communicate between two different networks

and works with the best path algorithms.

4. Modem:

Modem is a device that is used to convert Analog signals to digital signals and
vice-versa.
It is of two types : 1. DSL
2.ADSL
Transmission Medium

1. Straight Cable:

It is used to connect two different devices with each other.

2. Crossover Cable:

It is used to connect two similar devices with each other.

3. Rollover Cable:

Router is a L3 device that works to communicate between two different networks

and works with the best path algorithms.
Routing & Switching

Components:
1. ROM : Contains image file(Mini IOS).
2. EEPROM/Flash : Contains IOS.bin file .
3. NVRAM : contains startup-configuration.exe file.
4. RAM : stores running configuration of the device.
5. Motherboard
6. Processor
When router is turned on it runs the POST(power on self test) process.
Routing & Switching

Router Modes :
1. User Mode : Router>
2. Privilage Mode : Router> enable => Router#
3. Configuration Mode : Router# config t => Router(config)#
4. ROMON Mode : Romon>

We can configure any device(routers or switches) in configuration mode.

ROMON Mode is the troubleshooting mode where we can perform a factory reset or
change the forgotten password.
Basic Commands of Privilege Mode:
1. #show running-config : To display current or running configuration.
2. #show startup-config : To display permanent configuration Present in NVMe.
3. #Reload : To restart router.
4. #Write memory : To save running configuration
5. #erase startup-config : To erase data configuration from NVMe.
6. #show version : Displays details of router(Model No. , component details)
7. #show flash : Gives details under the flash memory.
8. #wr : Save running configuration.
9. #sh ip int fa0/0 : To show information of the particular interface(fa0/0).
Different types of ports in a Router
 Routing and Switching

Split Horizon : It is the loop avoidance mechanism. It works to stop the update that are
sent by the source Routers. It means that router should never forward any updates by the
neighbor router that are sent by the source router.
Split Horizon is by default in the ON state.
Routing & Switching

There are 3 types of Routing:

1. Static Routing :
Advantage: Data transmission speed is fast because there is no additional packet
travelling in static link.
Disadvantage: Manual update, hard to configure and troubleshoot in large network,
administrative overhead.
R1(config )# ip route 20.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.2
R1(config )# ip route 50.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.2
R1(config )# ip route 40.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.2
R1(config )# ^z
R1# wr
Routing & Switching

2. Default Routing :
Advantage: It is used as a backup of static routing and is applied at end of the topology
Disadvantage: hard to troubleshoot in large network, multiple paths with same cost
may appear(but no Load distribution), administrative overhead.

R1#config t
R1(config)# IP route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.1
Any N/W Any subnet Path
R1(config)# ^z
R1# wr
 Dynamic Routing

IGP EGP
(Interior (Exterior
gateway gateway
Protocol Protocol

RIP
BGP(along
EIGRP
OSPF
with OSPF)
Dynamic Routing Protocols

1. EIGRP(Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) : It is a Distance Vector

Routing Protocol. Supports maximum of 255 Routers and default 10 Routers. Supports
equal and Unequal cost load balancing. It work with the Best path and Backup path. It
uses DUAL (diffusing update algorithm). It supports classless address.

2. OSPF(Open Shortest Path First): It is the Link State Routing Protocol. It can load
balance up to 32 equal paths but does not support Unequal load cost balancing. It
supports VLSM CIDR notations. It uses Dijkstra’s algorithm to choose the best path.

3. DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): A DHCP server enables computers to

request IP addresses and networking parameters automatically from the Internet service
provider (ISP), reducing the need for a network administrator or a user to manually
assign IP addresses to all network devices. In the absence of a DHCP server, a computer
or other device on the network needs to be manually assigned an IP address.
 VLAN

• It divides the switch into various networks as in Subnetting.

• It provides security between different LAN networks within the switch.
• VLAN is by default configured on L2/L3 Switches.
Switch VLAN Types:
1. Native VLAN : It is default VLAN <VLAN 1>
2. Normal VLAN : VLAN made by users<VLAN 2, VLAN 3>
3. End to End : When you use same VLAN Database on multiple switches.
4. Private VLAN : Particular device is reserved for particular VLAN.
5. Dynamic VLAN : User VLAN consists of Number of sub VLAN’s like VLAN1 and
VLAN2
Thank You.