Calculations of Loss Factors Based on Real-Time Data: Determining

Technical Power Loss for the Electrical Distribution Network in

Karbala City
By

Sabah Hassan Alwan Ali Abdul Razzaq Al -Tahir Ahmed Selman Altuma

Electrical Engineering Department

College of Engineering

University of Kerbala
4-5/11/2019
3rd International Conference on Engineering Sciences
3rd International Conference on Engineering Sciences
University of Kerbala, Engineering College 1
University of Kerbala, Engineering College
Paper Plan

1- Computation of Loss and Load Factors

2- The Proposed Approach

3- Boundary Conditions

4- Simulation Results

5- Validation

6- Conclusion

2
Outline Presentation

Problem Scietific Simulation

Statement Contribution results

Computation of Loss and The Proposed Approach Simulation results

Load Factors
Verification

3
 Computation of loss and load factors
 The load factor can be calculated :
𝑡 𝑃𝐿𝐷2 1−𝑡
𝐿𝐷𝐹 = + (1)
𝑇 𝑃𝑙𝐷1 𝑇
 The loss factor is

𝑡 𝑃𝐿𝐷2 2 1−𝑡
𝐿𝑆𝐹 = (2)
𝑇 𝑃𝐿𝐷1 𝑇

2
𝐿𝑆𝐹 = 𝐿𝐷𝐹 1 − 𝑥 + 𝐿𝐷𝐹 𝑥 (3)
where 𝑥 indicates a constant coefficient PLD2

Load
t
𝐿𝐷𝐹 denotes a load factor, t
T-t
PLD1
𝐿𝑆𝐹 is a loss factor T

𝑘 𝑘
𝑃𝐿𝑆 = 𝐶𝑘 𝑃𝐿𝐷 (4) PLS2
Loss t
PLS1
1.6 T-t
𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝐿𝑎𝑑𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (5) t
T

4
Figure 1. Loss and load curves with time variation.
 The Research Methodology: The Proposed Approach
𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑌≜ 𝑎𝑒 𝑏𝑥
= 𝑎 (1 + 𝑥 + 2! + 3! + ⋯ ) (6)
𝑥 ∞ 𝑥𝑛 𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑒 ≜ σ𝑛=0 𝑛! = 1 + 𝑥 + 2! + 3! + ⋯ . (7)

𝑙𝑛(𝑌) = 𝑙𝑛(𝑎) + 𝑏(𝑥)

σ𝑁 𝑁 2 𝑁
𝑖 𝑙𝑛 𝑌𝑖 σ𝑖 𝑥𝑖 −σ𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑙𝑛 𝑌𝑖
𝑎 ≜ 2 (9)
𝑁 σ𝑁𝑖 𝑥𝑖 2 − σ𝑁 𝑥𝑖
𝑖
𝑁 σ𝑁
𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑙𝑛𝑌𝑖− σ𝑁
𝑖 𝑥𝑖 σ𝑁
𝑖 𝑙𝑛𝑌𝑖
𝑏≜ 2 (10)
𝑁 σ𝑁 2 𝑁
𝑖 𝑥𝑖 − σ𝑖 𝑥𝑖

𝐿𝑆𝐹 ≜ 𝐴 𝑒 𝐵∗ 𝐿𝐷𝐹 (11)

𝑙𝑛(𝐿𝑆𝐹) = 𝑙𝑛 𝐴 + 𝐵 ∗ 𝐿𝐷𝐹 (12)

𝑙𝑛 𝐿𝑆𝐹 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝐿𝐷𝐹 (13)

𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐴 𝑒 𝐵∗ 𝐿𝐷𝐹 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 (15)

𝑃𝑖𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 3𝐼𝑖2 𝑅𝑖 (16)
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 ≜ 𝜇 𝑒 𝐵∗ 𝐿𝐷𝐹 (17)
where 𝜇 ≜ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠. 5
Scientific Motivations
1- Nonlinearity of system model

2- Load and Loss calculations.

3- Loss calculation for Electrical distribution networks.

4- Quantifying energy loss is a serious goal for electrical
network
Table 1: Transmission Line Technical Features
Features Value Units

𝑹𝟏 0.0485 Ω/km

𝑿𝟏 0.2725 Ω/km

𝑹𝟎 0.0485 Ω/km

𝑿𝟎 1.154 Ω/km

Nominal Power 76 MW

Nominal Losses 465.637 Watt

Power Factor 0.85 -

Rated Voltage 132 kV

Line Length 13.24, short type km

6
Rated Frequency 50 Hz, cycle /sec.
 Simulation Results and Verifications

Incoming 132 Incoming 132 Incoming 132

Incoming 132 Incoming 132
132/33/11
132/33/11 132/33/11 25MVA MOBILE 30MVA MOBILE Incoming 132
132 CBTR1
132 CBTR2 132 CBTR3
132 CBTR3
T1 63/50/25 MVA T1 50/50/25 MVA T1 63/50/25 MVA 132/33
132 CBTR1 132 CBTR2
132/33
132/33 132/33 132/33
T3 63//63MVA
33CB1 33CB2 33CB3 33 CB T1 63//63MVA T2 63//63MVA
33 CB

CB14
CB1

CB17

CB2
CB20
CB3

CB3

CB4
CB5
33CB1 33CB2 33CB3
BS BS
BR-BC BR-BC
33 BB1 33 BB3
33 BB2
CB10

33BS1 33BS2
CB2

CB7
CB5

CB6

CB8

CB9

CB11

CB12
CB3

CB4

FD1 FD14 FD3 FD17 FD5 FD20

CB1

BS BS
BR-BC BR-BC
FD1 FD5 FD6 FD7 FD8 33 BB1 33 BB2 33 BB3
FD2 FD3 FD4 FD9 FD10 FD11 FD12
BS BS
11 CB1 BR-BC BR-BC

CB10

CB11
CB6
33BS2

CB5

CB7
11 BB1 11 BB2 11 CB2 11CB3 11 BB3 33BS1

CB1

CB9
CB2

CB8
CB4
CB3
CB3

AUX
CB1
CB2

CB5

CB6

CB8
CB4

CB7

CB12

11BS1
CB9

11BS2
CB10

CB11
CB1

FD1 FD2 FD3 FD4 FD5 FD6 FD7 FD8 FD10 FD11 FD12 FD6
FD9 FD1 FD2 FD3 FD4 FD5 FD7 FD8 FD9 FD10 FD11
Auxiliary TR3
11/0.4 KV

Figure (5): Single line diagram for the southern Figure (6): Single line diagram for the northern
distribution substation in Karbala city. distribution substation in Karbala city

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 Simulation Results and Verifications

1 00 100 100
Jan Feb Mar 1 Jan 1 Feb 1 Mar
80 80 80 0.8 0.8 0.8

Per unit loss

Per unit loss

Per unit loss

Load KW

Load KW
Load kW

60 60 60 0.6 0.6 0.6

40 40 40 0.4 0.4 0.4
20 20 20 0.2 0.2 0.2
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 4 8 12 1 6 2 0 2 4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Time (hrs) Time (hrs) Time (hrs) Time (hrs) Time (hrs) Time (hrs)
1 00 Apr 100 100 1 Apr 1 1
May Jun May Jun
80 80 80 0.8 0.8 0.8

Per unit loss

Per unit loss

Per unit loss

Load KW

Load KW

Load KW
60 60 60 0.6 0.6 0.6
40 40 40 0.4 0.4 0.4
20 20 20 0.2 0.2 0.2
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 4 8 12 1 6 2 0 2 4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Time (hrs) Time (hrs) Time (hrs) Time (hrs) Time (hrs) Time (hrs)
1 00 100 100 1 Jul 1 Aug 1 Sep
Jul Aug Sep
0.8 0.8 0.8

Per unit loss

Per unit loss

Per unit loss

80 80 80
Load KW

Load KW

Load KW

60 60 60 0.6 0.6 0.6

40 40 40 0.4 0.4 0.4
20 20 20 0.2 0.2 0.2
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 4 8 12 1 6 2 0 2 4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Time (hrs) Time (hrs) Time (hrs) Time (hrs) Time (hrs) Time (hrs)
100 1 Oct 1 Nov 1 Dec
1 00 Oct Nov 100 Dec
0.8 0.8 0.8
Per unit loss

Per unit loss

Per unit loss

80 80 80
Load KW
Load KW

Load KW

60 60 60 0.6 0.6 0.6

40 40 40 0.4 0.4 0.4

20 20 20 0.2 0.2 0.2

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 4 8 12 1 6 2 0 2 4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Time (hrs) Time (hrs) Time (hrs) Time (hrs) Time (hrs) Time (hrs)

Monthly average load curve for the distribution between Figure 8 Monthly average loss curve for the distribution
South and West Karbala
8
between South and West of Karbala distribution substations.
Simple Comparaison by Different Methods

Table 2. Simple comparison among average loss factors as computed by different methods
Actual data [16] Comparison with expected loss factors
Month Average Power Loss
Load Factor Loss Factor Buller Hoebel Gustafson Proposed
Approach
Jan. 0.75149 0.6027 0.685 0.633 0.658 0.577 268.673

Feb. 0.6599 0.4741 0.580 0.514 0.529 0.478 222.570

Mar. 0.7379 0.5794 0.669 0.616 0.638 0.572 266.34

Apr. 0.7546 0.5899 0.689 0.637 0.662 0.592 275.657

May 0.8481 0.7304 0.802 0.768 0.798 0.729 339.449

Jun. 0.8517 0.7301 0.807 0.773 0.802 0.734 341.776

Jul. 0.7974 0.6481 0.740 0.697 0.723 0.651 303.13

Aug. 0.7361 0.5717 0.667 0.623 0.636 0.567 264.016

Sep. 0.7764 0.6388 0.715 0.668 0.693 0.622 289.626

Oct. 0.7880 0.6484 0.729 0.683 0.710 0.637 296.61

Nov. 0.7997 0.6581 0.743 0.699 0.727 0.656 305.458

9
Dec. 0.7064 0.5360 0.633 0.573 0.594 0.522 243.063

Yearly Average 0.767 0.617 0.705 0.657 0.681 0.6114 284.697

 Verifications

Monthly average loss factors using different methods Monthly averrage power losses in Watt

0.9 400

0.8 350

0.7
300
0.6
250
0.5
200
0.4
150
0.3

0.2 100

0.1 50

0 0
Dec. Nov. Oct. Sep. Aug. July Jun. May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sep. Aug. Jul. Jun. May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan.

Buller Hoebel Gustafson Proposed Approach

Figure 9. Monthly average loss factors using various Figure 10. Monthly average power losses using the
methods proposed approach

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 Conclusions

 Quantifying energy loss is a serious goal for a simple study of electrical network,
yet it gives a good overall idea of the current state and required expansion of the
electric networks with a view to unexpected future load growth.
 Energy loss computations are considered the largest challenge for developing the
electrical networks of many countries.
 A mathematical approach to calculating the relationships between various loss
and load factors has been successfully applied to one of the electrical distribution
networks in Karbala city.
 The proposed approach takes all the conditions in the polynomial equations,
including the expansion of 𝑒x, into account, and this explains why the proposed
method comes much closer to the actual results compared with other methods
used to compute the loss factor as listed in Table 2.
 The approach used in this study takes into consideration the effect of total
constant losses caused by the major electrical parts of the power systems.
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thank you For Your Attention

Questions?

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