OF Syed Hassan Tariq VEHICLES Asfar Younus Abdullah Amin SCHEME OF PRESENTATION
• Kinetics of Cars • Kinetics of Space Vehicles
I. Forces on a Car I. Parts and Flight of Model and Actual Rocket II. Weight and Contact Force II. Forces on a Rocket III. Friction and Tires III. Forces on a Satellite and IV. Drag and Lift its Launch
• Kinetics of Ships • Kinetics of Airplanes
I. Introduction to Ships and I. Forces On An Airplane its Working Principle II. Concepts Of Air II. Forces on a Ship III. Bernoulli’s Principle III. Construction of Ships IV. Factors Affecting The Lift • Kinetics is the study of motion of a body taking in account the forces acting on it. • A number of different forces and KINETICS different vehicles. OF CARS • The study of these forces is important to engineers since these forces affect the choice of design and materials FORCES ON A CAR • The Earth’s gravity pulls objects towards it.This pull is called weight. • The weight of car is proportional to its mass: the greater the mass, the greater the weight. WEIGHT • Contact force is the reaction on AND the tires from the ground. CONTACT • Weight and contact force are not FORCE significant when it comes to design.The two usually balance out each other. • Greater weight >> Greater driving force >> More fuel consumption. • Manufactures aim for light-weight but strong car body. ROAD FRICTION AND TIRES • Friction is a resistive force that opposes a car’s motion. • Work has to be done to overcome friction. • Greater friction >> Greater work done >> ROAD More fuel consumption. • Magnitude depends on road conditions and FRICTION tires. AND • Smoother the roads and tires, the smaller the TIRES friction. • Different tread patterns work best for different road conditions. • Rough tires prevent skidding in wet conditions ROAD FRICTION AND TIRES DRAG AND LIFT • Drag is the aerodynamic force that opposes the motion of a body. • Drag develops due to a pressure differential in the horizontal DRAG direction. • More drag means more work has to be done to push away the air. • This decreases fuel efficiency. So, drag is a problem. HOW DRAG DEVELOPS? HOW DRAG DEVELOPS? HOW DRAG DEVELOPS? HOW DRAG DEVELOPS? HOW DRAG DEVELOPS? STREAMLINED AND NON- STREAMLINED STREAMLINED AND NON- STREAMLINED STREAMLINED AND NON- STREAMLINED STREAMLINED AND NON- STREAMLINED Lift is another aerodynamic force that usually acts on cars moving at extremely high speeds.
Lift is created by a pressure differential in the
vertical direction.
Wind moving at high speed has lower
LIFT pressure than wind moving at slow speed
Lift can be dangerous as it can send the car
flying in the air.
Accidents due to lift are common in car
racing. HOW LIFT DEVELOPS? HOW LIFT DEVELOPS? TAIL FINS/SPOILERS TAIL FINS/SPOILERS A REVIEW ON AIRPLANE PARTS AND AERODYNAMICS A REVIEW ON AIRPLANE PARTS AND AERODYNAMICS
• Forces acting on the Aircraft (Four Forces)
• Bernoulli’s Principle • Airplane Parts FORCES ON AN AIRPLANE
• Force – a push or a pull acting on a body.
• As a plane flies it is in the center of four forces: Weight, Lift, Drag and Thrust • Drag and Weight result due to natural phenomenon. • Weight and Drag • A pilot needs to overcome weight and drag to achieve flight • This is done by creating two forces: Thrust and Lift. • Lift & Thrust are required to keep the airplane in the air LIFT
• Lift is the upward force on a plane
• Various parts of a plane help to achieve lift • But most of the lift is created by the wings • The magnitude of lift depends on the shape, size and velocity • For example, the faster the plane goes the greater the lift • The lift that is produced by the wings must be greater than the weight of plane to leave the ground.