GOOD MORNING 

PREPARED BY:
MARC ANTHONY R. SIBBALUCA
CONCEPT OF EXPOSURE
AND VULNERABILITY
 OBJECTIVE

1. Explain the definition of exposure based on the

UNISDR Terminology;
2. Identify elements exposed to hazards and give
examples for each types; and
3. Differentiate between tangible and intangible
exposed elements.
4. Explain the meaning of vulnerability, capacity and
resilience within the context of disaster risk; and
5. Distinguish between physical, social, economic
and environmental factors that affect vulnerability of
exposed elements and give examples.
 RECALL

On our previous lesson, ask students

what is the definition of “Disaster Risk”.
Disaster Risk = Exposure to natural or
man-made hazards x vulnerability
• “What would happen if a very strong
typhoon passes through a highly
populated city”.
• “What if instead, the strong typhoon
passed through an uninhabited island
without people, would this still result in
a disaster? Why? Why not?”
 MOTIVATION

WHAT IS THE MEANING OF THIS???

I. Disaster
II. Disaster risk
III. Hazard
IV. Exposure
V. Vulnerability
VI. Capacity
CONCEPT OF
EXPOSURE
 EXPOSURE

• The UNISDR defines exposure as

people, property, systems and other
elements present in hazard zones that
are thereby subject to potential loss.
(UNISDR, 2009). The term susceptibility is
often used to indicate that an element
is exposed to a hazard.
THREE (3) ESSENTIAL COMPONENT:
I. People, property, systems and other elements.
Exposure involves specific elements which we
must be able to identify and give a name to.
Elements may be tangible or intangible.
II. Present in hazard zones. Elements should be
located within an area and duration of time
during which a specific hazard event or set of
hazard events can occur.
III. That are thereby subject to potential loss.
Elements should have value or importance
assigned to them for it to be subject to potential
loss.
SHAKING EGG TRAY
DEMONSTRATION
 CASE 1

• I. Case 1: Use this demonstration to illustrate

the concept of exposure. Emphasize that
both elements (the egg and pingpong ball)
were exposed to the same shaking hazard
by both falling off the egg tray. But only the
vulnerable element (the egg) suffered
damage./loss, whereas the element that
was not vulnerable did not suffer any
damage/ loss, i.e. both the egg and the
pingpong ball were susceptible but only the
egg was vulnerable.
 CASE 2

• Exposure is dependent on location

and that it varies spatially.
Depending on the type and
magnitude of the hazard event,
there may be areas that are
“safer” that others.
 CASE 3

Use this demonstration to explain that

for an element to be considered
exposed, it need to be in the hazard
zone at the time that the hazard event
occurs. Some elements are mobile and
are not always present in the hazard
zone and there are not always exposed
i.e. exposure has a temporal dimension
to it.
 CASE 4

• Shake the egg tray with

nothing on it. Use this
demonstration to explain that
no damage or loss can take
place if there are no exposed
elements in the damage zone.
GUIDE BOOK SESSION 4:
ELEMENTS AT RISK BY
CEES VAN WESTEN,
NANETTE KINGMA AND
LORENA MONTOYA
• The reference defines systems for
classifying elements at risk. In the
Philippines, the one used by the Asian
Disaster Preparedness Centers (ADPC)
is the one most widely used. In this
system, elements at risk are classified
into four types namely: Physical,
Societal, Economic and Environmental
Elements
• Tangible elements can be quantified.
If they occupy a fixed position,
tangible elements can be mapped.
Intangible elements are quantities that
cannot be quantified or mapped as
they do not have a particular spatial
dimension.
• An element that can be
quantified but not mapped
indicates that its position is not
fixed with time. How does this
affect the exposure of this
element?
 CONCEPT OF
VULNERABILITY
 PAPER, PLASTIC AND GLASS
CUP (WHAT CAN HAPPEN IF…)
 WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO EACH OF THE
THREE CUPS WHEN THE TABLE VIGOROUSLY
SHAKES

• The glass cup will fall and break,

but the paper and plastic cup will
be undamaged even if they fall
off the table
What will happen to the glass
cup if it lands on the pillow
instead of the hard floor during
the earthquake
What will happen to each of the
cup if exposed to intense heat and
flames (the paper cup will burn, the
plastic cup will melt, the glass cup
may crack).
• What will happen if the three cups
are submerged in water and kept
there for a day (the plastic and
glass cup will be undamaged, but
the paper cup with prolonged
exposure to water may soften or
break up)
 PHYSICAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC,
AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
 EXPOSED VULNERABILIT
HAZARD CAPACITY
ELEMENT Y
Lightweight,
does not
Paper Cup Resilient break upon
hitting a hard
surface
Lightweight,
does not
Earthquake
Plastic Cup Resilient break upon
hitting ahard
surface
Brittle – Does not
breaks when break when
Glass Cup
object hits a object hits a
hard surface. soft surface.
 EXPOSED VULNERABILIT
HAZARD CAPACITY
ELEMENT Y
Combustible –
burns when Vulnerable to
Paper Cup
exposed to fire.
flames.
Melts when
Fire Plastic Cup exposed to heat Not flammable
and flames.
Brittle, cracks
due suddenly
Glass Cup Not flammable
exposed to
extreme heat
 EXPOSED VULNERABILIT
HAZARD CAPACITY
ELEMENT Y
Disintegrates No capacity to
with prolonged resist prolonged
Paper Cup exposure to
exposure to
water. water.
Is not affected
by prolonged
Flood Plastic Cup Resilient
exposure to
water.
Is not affected
by prolonged
Glass Cup Resilient
exposure to
water.
• Now, What is your concept of
vulnerability, capacity and
resilience as based on the
demonstration.
• Emphasize the fact that vulnerability or
capacity are affected by many factors
depending on the exposed element. These
factors are generally classified under four (4)
categories namely: physical, social,
economic and environmental. Show the
table with examples under each of the four
categories for humans/people, structures
and businesses.
END ANY QUESTION???
 ACTIVITY (INDIVIDUAL)

Individual: Direction: On 1 whole sheet of paper,

answer the following.
1. Explain in your own words the definition of
exposure based on the UNISDR Terminology.
2. What are the three (3) essential components of
exposure?
3. What are the four (4) general types of exposed
element in the APDC classification system?
4. Give examples for each of the four (4) general
types of exposed element in the APDC classification
system.
• 5. What distinguishes a tangible element at
risk from one that is intangible?
• 6. Give at least 5 examples of intangible
elements at risk.
• 7. Give at least 3 examples of elements that
can be quantified but cannot be mapped.
• 8. If an element at risk can be mapped,
what does this tell us about it location?
 GROUP ACTIVITY

Direction: Do the following and the answer will be written

on one whole sheet of paper.
I. Each group thinks of a disaster that all group members
have first-hand knowledge of;
II. Each group thinks of a disaster that all group members
are familiar although may not have first-hand information;
III. Read a news clipping provided by the teacher about a
disaster.
3. Ask learners to identify the hazards and exposed
elements. For each exposed element, write down the
specific factor they think may have made this exposed
element vulnerable/resilient to the hazard. Have learners
identify if the vulnerability/capacity is physical, social,
economic or environmental. Have the elected facilitator
manage the discussion.
FINISH??
 ASSIGNMENT (1 WHOLE SHEET OF PAPER)

1. Vulnerability Assessment and Capacity Building Plan:

Have learners together with the parents do a vulnerability
assessment of their home, involving the following steps:
I. Make a list of the three (3) most possible hazards likely to
affect their home. These can be natural, technological, or
biological hazards.
II. Identify all the elements within the home that will be
exposed to these hazards.
III. Identify how each exposed element is vulnerable to each
of the three hazards.
IV. Based on identified vulnerabilities, make an action plan
on how to address these vulnerabilities. The goals of this plan
must be SMART (Specific, Measurable, Action-oriented,
Reasonable, Time-bound).
THANKS 