RESEARCH III

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
• Easiest part in thesis writing
• Considered as the most important part
• It is here where the findings and the whole thesis for that
matter are summarized, generalizations in the form of
conclusions are made and the recommendations for the
solution of problems discovered in the study are
addressed to those concerned
SUMMARY

• This portion puts together the highlights of the important findings of the
investigation.
• In summary you are now writing bigger chunks of information
GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE SUMMARY OF
FINDINGS
• You must go direct to the point in highlighting the main points.
• You must avoid copying and pasting what you have written in the previous
chapters.
• Write sentences in simple past and use always the passive voice construction
rather than active voice.
• You must also be familiar with semantic markers (additionally, also, further, in
addition to, moreover, contrary to, with regard to, as regardless, however, finally,
during the past ____ years, as shown in, as presented in, consequently, nevertheless,
in fact, on the other hand, subsequently and nonetheless)
GUIDELINES CONTINUATION

• There should be a brief statement about the main purpose

of the study, the respondents, the period of study, method
of research used, the research instrument and the sampling
design
EXAMPLE

This study was conducted for the purpose of determining the status of
teaching science in the high schools of Province A. The descriptive method of
research was utilized and the normative survey was used for gathering data.
The questionnaire served as the instrument for collecting data. All the teachers
handling science and a 20 percent representative sample students were the
respondents. The inquiry was conducted during the school year 2017-2018.
SUMMARY
• The summary may include the following:
1. Objectives of the study
2. Statement of the problem
3. Respondents
4. Sampling procedures
5. Methods of research employed
6. Statistical treatments applied in hypothesis tested
7. Results
• The finding may be lumped up all together but
clarity demands that each specific question under
the SOP must be written first to be followed by the
findings that would answer it. The specific questions
should follow the order they are given under the
statement of the problem.
• The findings should be textual generalizations that
is, a summary of the important data consisting of
text and numbers. Every statement of fact should
consist of words, numbers, or statistical measures
woven into a meaningful statement. No deduction,
nor inference nor interpretation should be made
otherwise it will only be duplicated in the conclusion.
EXAMPLE

Of the 59 teachers, 31 or 53.54 percent were BSE graduates and three

or 5.08 percent were MA degree holders. The rest, 25 or 42.37 percent were
non-BSE baccalaureate degree holders with at least 18 education units. Less
than half of all the teachers , only 27 or 45.76 percent were science majors
and the majority, 32 or 54. 24 percent were non-science majors.
• Only the important findings, the highlights of the
data, should be included in the summary, especially
those upon which the conclusions should be based.
• Findings are not explained nor elaborated.
• No new data should be introduced in the summary
of findings.
GUIDE QUESTIONS IN WRITING A SUMMARY
• What is the objective of the study?
• Who/what is the focus of the study?
• When and where was the investigation conducted?
• What method of research was used?
• How were the respondents chosen?
• What statistical tools were applied to treat the gathered data.
• Based on the data presented and analyzed, what findings can you
summarize?
WRITING A CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS

• This is an abstraction drawn from the summary of

findings and it is tied to the questions investigated.
• It clearly states the general truth implied or illustrated
by the results. The evidence based on the results should
be summarized for each statement.
GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE CONCLUSIONS
• Conclusions are inferences, deductions, abstractions ,
implications, interpretations, general statements,
and/or generalizations based upon the findings.
• Conclusions are logical and valid outgrowths of the
findings. They should not contain numerals. No
conclusions should be made that are not based upon
the findings.
• Conclusions should appropriately answer the
specific questions raised at the beginning of the
investigation in the order they are given under the
statement of the problem.
• Conclusions should point out what were factually
learned from the inquiry. However, no conclusions
should be drawn from the implied or indirect effects
of the findings.
• Conclusions should be formulated concisely, that is,
brief and short, yet they convey all the necessary
information resulting from the study as required by
the specific questions.
• Without any strong evidence to the contrary,
conclusions should be stated categorically. They
should be worded as if they are 100 percent true
and correct. They should not give any hint that the
researcher has doubts about their validity and
reliability. The use of qualifiers such as probably,
perhaps, may be, and the like should be avoided as
much as possible.
• Conclusions should refer only to the population
area, or subject of the study.

• Conclusions should not be repetitions of any

statements anywhere in the thesis.
SOME DANGERS TO AVOID IN DRAWING
CONCLUSIONS BASED ON QUANTITATIVE DATA

• Bias
• Incorrect generalization
• Incorrect deduction
• Incorrect comparison
• Abuse of correlation
• Limited information furnished by any one ratio
• Misleading impression covering magnitude of base
variable.
RECOMMENDATIONS
• This portion geared towards education and
practical utility. You should think of what the data
and the conclusion mean for the educational
program and more specifically, for the school,
office, community or unit you belong. You are free
to write down what you wish to recommend.
• Critical suggestion regarding the best course of
action in a certain situation
• These are appeals to people or entities concerned
to solve or help solve the problem discovered in the
inquiry.
GUIDELINES IN WRITING RECOMMENDATION

• Recommendations should aim to solve or help solve

problems discovered in the investigation.
• No recommendations should be made for a problem
, or any thing for that matter, that has not been
discovered or discussed in the study.
• There may also be recommendations for the
continuance of a good practice or system or even
recommendation for its improvement.
• Recommendations should aim for the ideal but they
must be feasible practical and attainable.
• Recommendations should be logical and valid.
• Recommendations should be addressed to the persons, entities,
agencies, or offices who or which are in the position to
implement them.
• There should be a recommendation for further research on the
same topic in other places or to verify, amplify, or negate the
findings of the study.
END of LESSON