All living things are called

organisms.
Biodiversity is the short form of
Biological Diversity.
Biodiversity refers to the wide
variety of organisms on Earth.
• Biodiversity exists as a result of
the diversity of habitat and
climate
 Habitat Biodiversity
Rainforest Tigers, monkeys, snakes, deer, wild
orchids, squirrels, fern, elephants, etc
Pond Frogs, fish, tadpoles, water lily, water
hyacinth, snails, dragonflies
Desert Camels, lizards, cacti, rats, snakes
Polar region Polar bears, arctic foxes, seals, penguins,
moss, lichens, snow rabbits
Sea Sharks, dolphins, whales, seaweed,
oyster, prawns
Soil Earthworms, snakes, ants, millipedes,
centipedes, fungi, bacteria, scorpions
 Sources of food
 Balance in nature
 Recreational park
 Medical
 Raw materials for industries
 Education
 Biodiversity can be maintained and
conserved by:
 - Banning the killing or trade of endemic and
endangered animal and plant.
 - Protecting habitat through creating national
parks, marine parks, forest reserves and
wildlife sanctuaries.
 - Seedling nurseries to help with
reforestation and turtle hatcheries.
 Classificationof the organisms is the sorting
of organisms (animals or plants) into groups
which have similar characteristics.
 There are 5 major groups:
 Animals
 Plants
 Fungi (mould)
 Bacteria
 Simple organisms (unicellular organisms)
 Animals

Vertebrates Invertebrates

Fish Birds Amphibians Reptiles Mammals

Animals without backbones.
Usually small in size.
These animals have simple
body systems.
Insects make up about 90% of
all invertebrates.
Without legs
- Without segmented body
- With segmented body

With legs
- 3 pairs of legs
- More than 3 pairs of legs
Animals with backbone or
spinal column.
It’s long, strong and flexible.
It supports the body, anchors
the limbs and protects the
spinal cord.
Usually large in size.
- Fish
- Amphibians
- Reptiles
- Birds
- Mammals
 Cold-blooded (poikilotherm)
 Live in water
 Bodies are covered with slimy scales
 Carry out external fertilisation (outside female
body)
 Lay eggs
 Breathe through gills
 Examples: pomfret, sea horse, eel, stingray
**** Sharks give birth to their young
 Cold-blooded (poikilotherm)
 Live in water and on land
 Bodies are covered with moist skin
 Carry out external fertilisation (outside female
body)
 Lay eggs
 Breathe through lungs (adults) gills (young)
 Examples: frogs, toads, salamander
 Cold-blooded (poikilotherm)
 Live on land
 Bodies are covered with hard dry scales
 Carry out internal fertilisation (inside female
body)
 Lay eggs
 Breathe through lungs
 Examples: lizards, snakes, crocodiles, turtles,
tortoise
**** Anaconda give birth to their young
 Warm-blooded (homeothermic)
 Live on land
 Bodies are covered with feathers and wings
 Carry out internal fertilisation (inside female
body)
 Lay eggs
 Breathe through lungs
 Examples: duck, pigeon, penguin, eagle,
ostriches
 Warm-blooded (homeothermic)
 Live on land
 Bodies are covered with hair or fur
 Carry out internal fertilisation (inside female
body)
 Give birth to their young and breast feeding
 Breathe through lungs
 Examples: humans, cows, bats, cats, porcupine,
etc
Echidnas lay eggs
Whales live in water and give
birth
Platypus lays eggs
Bats have wings
Armadillos have scales
Anteaters lay eggs
 Invertebrates account for more than
90% of the species in the animal
kingdom.
 Many of the invertebrates are small I
size and they have simple body
structures.
 They cannot grow too big because
they do not have a backbone to
support their weight.
 Insects (butterflies, bees, wasps, etc)
 Scorpion
 Molluscs
 Worms
 Crabs
 Prawns
 Spiders
 invertebrates

Not jointed
Jointed legs
legs

More than 4 Non-worm

3 pairs 4 pairs Worm-like
pairs like
 Butterflies
 Grasshoppers
 Beetles
 Crickets
 Ants
 Cockroaches
 Spiders
 Scorpions
 Mites
 ticks
 Millipedes
 Centipedes
 Shrimps
 crabs
 Lobsters
 Leeches
 Earthworms
 Flatworms
 Tapeworms
 Roundworms
 Jellyfish
 Starfish
 Snails
 Sea anemones
 Cuttlefish
 Squids
 Plants

Flowering Non-Flowering

Monocotyledons Dicotyledons Conifers Algae Ferns Mosses

Seeds with one cotyledon.
Fibrous roots
Leaves with parallel veins
Most are herbaceous plants,
non-woody stems.
Examples: maize, paddy, grass,
orchid, sugar cane, banana, etc.
Seeds with two cotyledon.
Tap roots
Leaves with network veins
Most are woody stems.
Examples: mango tree, durian
tree, sunflower, rubber tree,
etc.
 Mono Di
cotyledons cotyledons
Cotyledon One Two
Roots Fibrous Tap roots
roots
Leaves Parallel Network
veins veins
Stem Non-woody Woody
Examples Maize, Sunflower,
paddy, rose, cactus
banana
Moss : spores
Fern : spores
Yeast : budding
Conifers : seeds in the cones
 Ithas simple stems and tiny leaves
 No true roots
 Reproduce through spores produced in
capsules at the end of the stalks
Moss
Liverwort
 It has stems, leaves and roots
 It reproduces through spores produced in
capsules on the underside of the leaves
(fronds)
 live on land and in moist shady places
Bird’snest fern
Staghorn’s fern
 Have roots, stems and needle-like leaves
 Do not produce flowers but cones
 Reproduce through seeds in the cones
Pinetree
Spruce
 Unicellularor multicellular organisms
 Do not have true stems, leaves or roots
 Live in water or moist places
 Examples:
 Chlorella
 Seaweed
 Phytoplankton
 Spirogyra
 Yeast – reproduce through budding
 Contributes wealth of resources such as
 Food
 Fuels
 Timber
 Shelter
 Spices
 Clothing
 Herbs
 Medicines
 Maintain carbon, water and oxygen cycles
 Illegallogging
 Hunting of wild animals
 Widespread clearing of forests for housing
and urbanisation
 Overfishing
 Mining
 Agricultural activities
 Building dams
Many plants are rich
sources of traditional and
modern medicines.
These are used to treat
and prevent diseases.
Biodiversity enhances the
wealth of gene pools t
further increase diversity in
the future generations.
The diversity of trees and
plants enable timber, textile
and paper industries to
flourish.
Plant and animals
diversity provides a
variety of food.
Wetlands and forests
provide clean water
through repeated
filtrations.
Plantsand trees take in
carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere and release
oxygen during
photosynthesis.
Many plants and rich
sources of traditional and
modern medicines.
These are used to treat
and prevent diseases.