Presented by:

Ms. Kristelle Louise B. Balbedina

MEM-ELM
 What is it
• It is used to understand why things happen as
they do.

• It is relationship between events or things, where one

is the result of the other or others. This is a
combination of action and reaction.
Why is it important ?
• To create empowered, analytical thinkers,
capable of thinking through complex process to
make important decisions.

• They will understand actions and consequences

or describe phenomena at a deep level.
How can we make it happen
in classroom discussion?
How can we make it happen in
classroom discussion?
1. Always ask why.
2. Have students justify their position.
3. Encourage students to consider multiple causes of
event.
4. Encourage students to consider multiple
consequences.(effect)
5. Allow students to use graphic organizers.
6. Help students develop the vocabulary of cause and
effect.
 ALWAYS ASK WHY

Why are we suffering from climate

change?
 Have the students justify their
answer

“How do you know?”

“What is your evidence?”
Consider multiple cause to events

Ask them to make list of possible causes

of events, let them know which is
important than others.
 Consider multiple Consequences

“We will suffer from strong typhoon”

“We will suffer from drought”
“Animals might die”
Use of Graphic Organizer
 Develop the Vocabulary of Cause
and Effect
It will help strengthens an argument.
as consequence partly responsible for possible
as a result largely because probably
 How can we extend Students’
Thinking?
• Encourage students to use vocabulary clues in
the text and their prior knowledge to the text to
determine relationship.
• Have students make inferences about information
that is close proximity.
• Have them evaluate the inference based on
their readings and information they gain.

• Stimulate students to analyze causes and

effects as like developing theory. They should
provide evidences to support.
• Teach students to make generalizations based
on cause-and-effect sequences can be applied to a
number of situations.

• Generalizations are important organizing ideas

because they give students a broad knowledge
base that they can apply in different situations.
 Cause and Effect Evaluation in
Education
• Identify the problem based on gathered data
• Know the effect of the problem
• Work out the major factor involved (causes)
• Make a conclusion to the problem
• Create generalization based on the tool used
• Conduct a research to have the best approach to
address the problem
 CAUSE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS

• Devised by Kaoru Ishikawa, a pioneer of quality

management, in the 1960s.
• Ishikawa diagram or Fishbone diagram is a tool used to
analyze cause and effect.
• It is originally made as a quality control tool, but can be
used in other ways like evaluation in education.
 cause

effect

cause
 IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM
BASED ON GATHERED DATA

• What the problem is

• Who is involved
• When and where it occurs.
 cause

Lack of
reading
interest

cause
 WORK OUT THE MAJOR FACTOR
INVOLVED (causes)
• People
• System
• External forces
• Materials
• Other
family learners cause

Lack of
reading
interest

cause
School Social
management environment
IDENTIFY THE POSSIBLE CAUSES

• For each factor, identify the possible

causes.

• Causes maybe large or complex.

• It may be break down into sub-causes
 family learners cause
Not sufficient
busy parents
language ability
uneducated Short attention
Not motivated
Lack of parental lazy Lack of
reading
guidance

Poor tutoring
from teachers
External
distraction
Exposure
to gadgets interest
Bad library s Social media
Not enough books
facilities interest
in class

cause
School Social
management Environment
 ANALYZE THE DIAGRAM IN
MAKING CONCLUSION

• Investigate the most likely causes of the problem.

• Based on your investigation, you can create your conclusion
to the problem.

“Many factors affects the interest of the learners in

reading”
 Generalization

• Make a generalization based on the causes of

the problem.
“Lack of reading interest is basically because of
the learners attitude, it’s social environment,
family and school management factors.”
 CONDUCT A RESEARCH

• After knowing the problem, the effect and it’s

causes. It is important to conduct a research
that will help to dealt the problem with
appropriate approach.
 REFERENCES:

https://tltc.umd.edu/classroom-discussions
https://www.teachervision.com/professional-development/cause-
effect-lesson?page=2

https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_03.htm