Introduction

It is the transmission and control of force and motion

by fluid

1. Two basic types of hydraulic.

A. hydrodynamics is the use of fluids at high speed on impact to
supply power Example Torque convertor.
B. Hydrostatics is the use of fluids at low speed at high pressure supply
power. Example Most - Hydraulic system.
2. Compare the two major hydraulic system.
A. Open center system pressure is varied but flow is constant.
B. Close center system flow is varied pressure is constant.
 Hydraulics requires of the user
1. Knowledge of the basic physical law of hydrostatic and hydrodynamics
2. Knowledge of the unit and physical quantities in hydraulics.
3. Knowledge of hydraulic equipment an its operation in hydraulic circuit.

Energy conversion in hydraulic system

Electrical Hydraulic Hydraulic Mechanical
Energy Energy Energy Energy
Hydraulic
Electric Hydraulic Mechanical
Control
Motor Pump Machine
Equipment
 Basic Physical Laws
• Hydro Statics
Hydro statics pressure depends only on the height of liquid columns
and not on the shape of the vessel.
• Hydraulic Equipment Reservoir
1. Air filter
2. Return oil connection
3. Removable cover
4. Filter with with olipstick and suction filter
5. Suction line
6. Fluid drain plug
7. Inspection glass (Max. and Min.)
8. Return line
9. Weir
10. Pump
.
 Main Equipment
• Pressure Relief Valve
1. Limiting the working pressure to a specific adjustable valve.
2. Setting the maximum pressure in the hydraulic system.
3. Protecting the system against excessive pressure.
A. Housing
B. Tapper seat
C. Compression spring
D. Setscrew
E. Nut
.
 Symbol of Valve
Normal Actuation

Normal Actuation by push Button

Normal Actuation by built in spring

1. Different position of spool

Open and Close

2. Position is represent as a square
a o b
3. A valve is 3 position
a-o-b
4. Flow direction are show by line
and draw head
5. Shutoff indicated by
a - bar (Note:- Cylinder supply line A B C
Inlet pressure P
Outlet R S T
6. The first number indicates the number of connections (way of direction)
the second number referring to the number position
 Example of Valve
Simplest Valve Shutoff A
A. 2 Connection P A
2 Position
To shutoff and open lines P A
B. 3 Connection A T I
2 Position P A P T
Use in single acting cylinder AB

4 Connection P A A T
2Position B T P B PT
Use in double acting cylinder
5 Connection P B P A A B
2 Position A R B T
Use in double acting cylinder RP T
.
 2 way flow control valve
type 2 FRM
1. Housing.

2. Rotery knob.

3. Presses the orifice.

4. Pressure compensator.

5. Throtteling point.

6. Spring.

7. Orifice.
.
 Single Acting Cylinder
• Coverts the pressurized volume flow into linear force and
motion
Design a. Housing with cover, b. Piston rod, c. Piston,
d. Seals.
Piston speed v = Flow rate V (l/min.)/ piston aria A.
Application - Lifting, clamping, vertical loading and
unloading of work pieces and tools
Double Acting Cylinder
Coverts the pressurized volume flow into linear force and
motion direction of which can be selected.
Design a. Housing with cover, b. Piston with rod,
d. Seals.
Force - Aria x pressure
Forward speed v = Flow rate V / piston aria A.
• Hydraulic oil for hydraulic installation
HL- Increase corrosion
protection and ageing
Stability.

HLP- Increased working

protection.

HV - Improved viscosity
temperature
Characteristics.
• Hydraulic oil for hydraulic installation

• HLP 68 - H = Hydraulic Oil,

L = With additives to increase corrosion
protection and or ageing stability
P = With additives reduce and increase load
carrying ability
68 = Viscosity code as defined
 Hydraulic fluids with low flammability
• HF (liquids) Water Content
HFA Oil water emulsion 80 - 98
HFB Oil water emulsion 40
HFC Hydrous solution water glycol 35 - 55
HFD Anhydrous liquid phosphate ether 0 - 0.1
• Characteristics and requirements
a. Lowest possible density.
b. Minimal compressibility.
c. Viscosity not low (lubricating film).
d. Good viscosity - pressure characteristics.
e. Good viscosity - temperature characteristics.
f. Good ageing stability.
g. Low filmmability.
h. Good material compatility.
 Helpful Hints
• Speed increase flow increase.
• Increase in pressure dose not increase the speed of the
piston.
• Speed of a cylinder is dependent on its size (piston area) of
the rate of oil flow.
Estimate for heat generation
• Hydrostatic system - 20 to 40 % of input power
• Pump and cylinder - 15 to 20 % of input power

Heat restriction Q = m3 / sec.

 Advantage and Disadvantage

• Advantages:-
1. The case of control as well as the generation and transmission of large
forces and power the use of comparatively small unit
2. Equipment is self lubricating and has long service life.
• Disadvantages:-
1. High fluid pressure involve dangers of accidents so care must be taken
that all connections are tight and do not leak.
2. Fluid friction and leakage oil reduce efficiency.
 Trouble shooting
1. Hydraulic Pump.
• No or Insufficient Flow.
• Excessive Noise.
• No or Insufficient System Pressure.
2. Relief Valve.
• No or Insufficient Flow.
• Valve setting too low.
• Valve seat damaged.
• Valve seat jammed by dirt.
• Vent connection open.
3. Direction control valve
• incorrect spool position
• partial shifting of spool
• negative overlapping
• defective solenoid
 Trouble shooting
• Faulty direction control valve
• high oil velocity.
• Internal leakage.
4. Flow control valve.
• Incorrect setting of the valve.
• Air lock.
• Insufficient pressure drop.
5. Hydraulic cylinder
• damage oil seal
• internal leakage in cylinder
• wear out of component due to foreign particles
• scoring of cylinder tube and piston rod.
• Wrong operation for D.C. valve.
• Relief valve setting to low
 Gear pump
The gear pump oprates on displacement theory. It converts
the mechanical energy supplied by motor into hydraulic
energy .
Design.
1. Housing with flange.
2. Two gears.
3. Seals.

Application.
1. For generating fluid flow in hydraulic systems for generating a flow of
lubricant.
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