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+Q
rp a
- Q
rn
Dielectric materials are classified into
two broad groups:
1. Polar
2. Non-polar
Polar molecule Non-polar molecule
+
+ - -
In polar dielectric molecules, permanent
dipoles are present
Dielectric is in unpolarized
condition i.e. the net
dipole moment within any
small volume is zero.
Eapp In the presence
of an applied
electric field, the
dipoles tend to
align themselves
with the applied
electric field.
When an electric field is applied, the dipoles
are oriented by rotation and aligned in the
direction of the electric field
40 R 3 E0
r
Ze
but p Zer
p 40 R 3 E0
p E0
This shows that the induced dipole moment
is proportional to external E.F.
Atomic polarizability:
As p 40 R 3 E0
Let 40 R 3
p E0
where is called
Atomic polarizabi lity.
Charge density q/ A
E.F. E0 q / o A / o
If a dielectric slab is placed within
capacitor plates, then dielectric gets
polarized.
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Gauss’s law in differential form in free
space:
0 E qev
Gauss’s law in differential form in
dielectric:
0 E qev qevb
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0 E qev qevb qev P
0 E P qev
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Gauss’s law in differential form:
D qev
Gauss’s law in integral form:
S
D d s Qencl
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C
D 3 E 0
m
Ddv dv
v v
D ds Q
s
(C )
The parameter
Dis the
e permittivity
0 1electric E E or the
dielectric constant of the material.
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The concepts of polarizability and dipole
moment distribution are introduced to
relate microscopic phenomena to the
macroscopic fields.
The introduction of permittivity eliminates
the need for us to explicitly consider
microscopic effects.
Knowing the permittivity of a dielectric tells
us all we need to know from the point of
view of macroscopic electromagnetics.
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For the most part in macroscopic
electromagnetics, we specify the
permittivity of the material and if
necessary calculate the dipole moment
distribution within the medium by
using
P D 0 E 0 E
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The relative permittivity of a dielectric is the
ratio of the permittivity of the dielectric to the
permittivity of free space
r
0
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3-6.2 Dielectric in static electric field
The induced electric dipoles modify the electric field both inside and
outside the dielectric material.
p k
P lim k 1
(C/m 2 ).
0
3-7 Electric flux density and dielectric constant
DDd d , or
V V'
DD ds Q (C).
C ds Q (C )
C
The total outward flux of the electric displacement over any closed
surface is equal to the total free charge enclosed in the surface.
3-7 Electric flux density and dielectric constant
D 0 E P 0E 0 e E 0 (1 e )E 0 r E E (C/m 2 ),
where r 1 e : relative permittivity (dielectric constant),
0
0 r : absolute permittivity (permittivity).
A simple medium: a linear, homogeneous, and isotropic medium.