UNIT 3

S . Lionel Beneston
Assistant Professor (Sr.Gr)
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
Mepco Schlenk Engineering College
Sivakasi
 Pure substance
• A pure substance is a system which is (i) homogeneous in
composition, (ii) homogeneous in
• chemical aggregation, and (iii) invariable in chemical
aggregation.
• “Composition means the relative proportions of the chemical
elements into which the sample can be analysed. It does not
matter how these elements are combined.
 Pure substance
• “Homogeneous in composition” means that the
composition of each part of the system is the same
as the composition of every other part.
• “Homogeneous in chemical aggregation” means
that the chemical elements must be combined
chemically in the same way in all parts of the
system.
• “Invariable in chemical aggregation” means that
the state of chemical combination of the system
does not change with time.
Phase change
Formation of steam
T-V
liquid–vapor saturation curve. A curve of this
kind is characteristic of all pure substances.
Phase Change Terminology
T-V Diagram
the point at which the saturated
liquid and saturated vapor
states are identical
P-V Diagram
P-V diagram of a substance that
contracts on freezing.
 P-v diagram of a substance that
expands on freezing (such as water).
On P-v or T-v
diagrams,
triple-phase states
form a line called the
TRIPLE LINE
P-T diagrams
TRIPLE
POINT.
If water
contracts
on
freezing
???
P-T Diagram (Phase Diagram)
T-S
H-S Diagram

Work done
on vapour
cycles
length
T-S Diagram
P-v-T surface of a substance that
contracts on freezing.
P-v-T surface of a substance that
expands on freezing (like water).

All the points on the surface

represent equilibrium states.
All states along the path of a
quasi-equilibrium process lie on
the P-v-T surface since such a
process must pass through
equilibrium states.
The single-phase regions appear
as curved surfaces
the two-phase regions as surfaces
perpendicular to the P-T plane